“…It is important to note that our collective research (Bempechat, Jimenez, and Graham, 1997;Elliott, Hufton, Hildreth, and Illushin, 1999;Elliott, Hufton, Illushin, and Willis, 2001;Holloway, 2000;Hufton, Elliott, and Illushin, 2002;Li, Yue, and Yuan, 2001;Li, 2001b), as well as that of colleagues in the field, has shown that constructs that seem to explain national or ethnic differences in achievement do not always do well at predicting within-country (or within-ethnic-group) achievement (Shen and Pedulla, 2000;Steinberg, Dornbusch, and Brown, 1992). We know that children from the same social circumstances have been shown to differ in their aspirations and achievement.…”