The kinematics of break-thrust folds

Fischer, Mark P.; Woodward, Nicholas B.; Mitchell, Michael

doi:10.1016/0191-8141(92)90105-6

Cited by 135 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Limbs must rotate if all hinges are fixed during fold evolution, whereas limbs may or may not rotate depending on how hinges migrate (e.g., Poblet and McClay, 1996). Observations of small-scale structures in folds in the northeastern Brook Range suggest that hinges remain fixed , an interpretation that is supported elsewhere by similar studies (e.g., Fischer et al, 1992;Rowan and Kligfield, 1992) and, at least for anticlinal hinges, by observations of the geometry of syntectonic strata in folds (e.g., Poblet and Hardy, 1995;Poblet et al, 1997). …”

Section: Generalized Characteristics Of Northeastern Brooks Range Detsupporting

confidence: 65%

The Influence of Fold and Fracture Development on Reservoir Behavior of the Lisburne Group of Northern Alaska

Wallace¹,

Hanks²,

Whalen³

et al. 2000

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The Lisburne Group is a major carbonate reservoir unit in northern Alaska. The Lisburne is detachment folded where it is exposed throughout the northeastern Brooks Range, but is relatively undeformed in areas of current production in the subsurface of the North Slope. The objectives of this study are to develop a better understanding of four major aspects of the Lisburne:1. The geometry and kinematics of detachment folds and their truncation by thrust faults. 2. The influence of folding and lithostratigraphy on fracture patterns. 3. Lithostratigraphy and its influence on folding, faulting, fracturing, and reservoir characteristics.4. The influence of lithostratigraphy and deformation on fluid flow. The results of field work during the summer of 1999 offer some preliminary insights:The Lisburne Limestone displays a range of symmetrical detachment fold geometries throughout the northeastern Brooks Range. The variation in fold geometry suggests a generalized progression in fold geometry with increasing shortening: Straight-limbed, narrow-crested folds at low shortening, box folds at intermediate shortening, and folds with a large height-to-width ratio and thickened hinges at high shortening. This sequence is interpreted to represent a progressive change in the dominant shortening mechanism from flexural-slip at low shortening to bulk strain at higher shortening. Structural variations in bed thickness occur throughout this progression. Parasitic folding accommodates structural thickening at low shortening and is gradually succeeded by penetrative strain as shortening increases. The amount of structural thickening at low to intermediate shortening may be inversely related to the local amount of structural thickening of the Kayak Shale, the incompetent unit that underlies the Lisburne.The Lisburne Limestone displays a different structural style in the south, across the boundary between the northeastern Brooks Range and the main axis of the Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt. The steep forelimbs of angular asymmetrical folds typically have been cut and displaced by thrust faults, resulting in superposition of a fault-bend fold geometry on the truncated folds. Remnant uncut folds within trains of thrust-truncated folds and the predominance of detachment folds to the north suggest that these folds originated as detachment folds. Fold asymmetry and a more uniformly competent Lisburne Limestone may have favored accommodation of a significant proportion of shortening by thrust faulting, in contrast with the dominance of fold shortening to the north.Two dominant sets of fractures are present in the least deformed Lisburne Limestone: Early extension fractures normal to the regional fold trend and late extension and shear fractures parallel to the regional fold trend. These two major fracture sets remain as deformation increases, but they are more variable in orientation, character, and relative age. Compared to fold limbs, the fold hinges display greater density and extent of fractures, more conjugate and shear fractur...

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Section: Generalized Characteristics Of Northeastern Brooks Range Detsupporting

confidence: 65%

The Influence of Fold and Fracture Development on Reservoir Behavior of the Lisburne Group of Northern Alaska

Wallace¹,

Hanks²,

Whalen³

et al. 2000

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“…These folds therefore originate locally as a consequence of thrusting. The second way folds and faults are related is through the development of break-thrust folds (Fischer et al, 1992) where thrusts cut across the limbs of early developed folds. Such fold-fault relationships were observed at the mesoscale in Muchkundi quartzites, to the southeast of Muchkundi village.…”

Section: Inter-relationship Of the Structural Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basement–cover structural relationships in the Kaladgi Basin, southwestern India: Indications towards a Mesoproterozoic gravity gliding of the cover along a detached unconformity

Mukherjee

Das

Modak

2016

Precambrian Research

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“…Therefore, with the exception of the Homza & Wallace (1995) method, it is important to determine the kinematic mechanism responsible for detachment fold amplification in order to carry out a detachment-depth estimation. Fortunately, a number of methods have been described to distinguish between thrust-related folds formed by different kinematic mechanisms: analysis of syntectonic micro-and mesostructures developed in fold hinges and limbs (Beutner & Diegel, 1985;Fischer, Woodward & Mitchell, 1992;Fisher & Anastasio, 1994;Anastasio et al 1997); analysis of the fold geometry (Jamison, 1987); correspondence between fold wavelength and thickness of a dominant stratigraphic unit according to buckling equations, coupled with analysis of syntectonic mesostructures (Mitchell & Woodward, 1988); study of geometrical features, such as occurrence of sheared incompetent layers, volume change and fold core area, coupled with analysis of syntectonic micro-and mesostructures (Stewart & Alvarez, 1991;Homza & Wallace, 1995, 1997; study of the geometry of the syntectonic sediments (Suppe, Chou & Hook, 1992;Torrente & Kligfield, 1995;Hardy et al 1996;Poblet et al 1997;; and analysis of the presently observed spatial variations in fold geometry, assuming that they reflect temporal geometric evolution ).…”

Section: Parameters To Consider When Estimating the Detachment Depth mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the detachment depth in cross sections involving detachment folds

Bulnes

Poblet

1999

Geol. Mag.

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This paper evaluates four different methods that have been proposed for the estimation of the detachment depth beneath detachment folds. Guidelines are presented in order to use the most suitable method in a particular region deformed by detachment folds. These guidelines are constructed considering the assumptions of each method, the influence of different parameters on the estimation of the detachment depth (folding mechanisms, cross-sectional area variations, position and orientation of the regional datum, number of stratigraphic horizons, bed length and thickness, dip and position of the bounding lines, initial thickness of the ductile unit, single anticlines or fold trains) and the available data (ductile unit thickness, regional datum, detachment depth). Moreover, a new, simple method based on two previous methods is presented. The advantages of this new method are that the calculations are extremely simple and it uses information from more than one stratigraphic horizon; therefore, it does not depend strongly on the accuracy of the data at one level. The precision of the proposed methods is tested by their application to a number of natural and experimental single anticlines and fold trains. It appears that better predictions are obtained when analysing a complete detachment fold train than when dealing with a single detachment anticline. The reason might be that ductile material flow beneath the folds along the cross-sectional plane is taken into account when dealing with a long-enough cross section. We also suggest some hypotheses concerning what the shape and dimensions of the detachment folds indicate about the detachment depth in those cases where insufficient data are available to apply the methods proposed.

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The kinematics of break-thrust folds

Cited by 135 publications

References 29 publications

The Influence of Fold and Fracture Development on Reservoir Behavior of the Lisburne Group of Northern Alaska

The Influence of Fold and Fracture Development on Reservoir Behavior of the Lisburne Group of Northern Alaska

Basement–cover structural relationships in the Kaladgi Basin, southwestern India: Indications towards a Mesoproterozoic gravity gliding of the cover along a detached unconformity

Estimating the detachment depth in cross sections involving detachment folds

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