The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

Mel, Abdel‐Aziz El; Nakamura, Ryusuke; Bittencourt, Carla

doi:10.1515/nano.bjneah.6.139

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Moreover, similar hollow nanostructures have been prepared with strategy Kirkendall effect, in which atomic interdiffusion at the metal−metal interface occurs through the vacancy exchange caused by difference in the atomic diffusion coefficient. 32 For instance, Ag NWs can be transformed into hollow Ag 2 O nanotubes when they are oxidized in oxygen plasma. 33 According to the Kirkendall mechanism, Ag atoms diffuse outward via the Ag oxide shell that initially forms in the oxygen plasma, while oxygen atoms move inward via the shell to the core side.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Yeh

Chen

Yang

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is applied to coat Ag nanowires (NWs) with a highly uniform and conformal TiO layer to improve the stability and sustainability of Ag NW transparent conductive films (TCFs) at high temperatures. The TiO layer can be directly deposited on Ag NWs with a surface polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coat that acts a bed for TiO seeding in the ALD process. The ALD TiO layer significantly enhances the thermal stability at least 100 fold when aged between 200-400 °C and also provides an extra function of violet-blue light filtration for Ag NW TCFs. Investigation into the interaction between TiO and Ag reveals that the conformal TiO shell could effectively prevent Ag from 1D-to-3D ripening. However, Ag could penetrate the conformal TiO shell and form nanocrystals on the TiO shell surface when it is aged at 400 °C. According to experimental data and thermodynamic evaluation, the Ag penetration leads to an interlayer composed of mixed Ag-AgO-amorphous carbon phases and TiO at the Ag-TiO interface, which is thought to be caused by extremely high vapor pressure of Ag at the Ag-TiO interface at a higher temperature (e.g., 400 °C).

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Yeh

Chen

Yang

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…This has been observed for both Fe nanoparticles and nanowires. 49−51 At the same time high-temperature (>700 K) oxidation leads to shrinkage and collapse of the nanostructures due to growth and increase of voids, 49,51 which could explain the shrinkage and collapse of the Fe nanowires annealed at 550 °C as observed in Figure 2h,l.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…49 In Fe nanostructures, this leads to formation of voids at the metal/metal oxide interface, even at room temperature 49,50 allowing the formation of hollow structures. This is associated with the Kirkendall effect 51,52 by which the outward diffusion rate of Fe is much larger than the inward diffusion rate of oxygen. This has been observed for both Fe nanoparticles and nanowires.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Ordered Iron Oxide Nanowires for Photo-electrochemical Water Oxidation

Moreno

Khan

Ivanov

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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This work reports the synthesis of ordered and vertically aligned iron oxide nanowires for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. The nanowires exhibited promising PEC activity for water oxidation with saturated photocurrents of ~0.8 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. Various factors inevitably affect their photochemical activity such as crystallinity, morphology, compositional gradient, and surface states. They were studied with HRTEM, EELS and Raman shift techniques. The nanowires had complex compositional and morphological structures at the nano and atomic scales. The nanowires annealed at 350 ⁰C had an outer shell dominated by Fe 3+ cations, while the core had mixed oxidation Page 2 of 44 ACS Paragon Plus Environment ACS Applied Energy Materials 3 states of iron cations (+2 and +3). In contrast, nanowires annealed at 450 ⁰C are fully oxidized with Fe 3+ cations only and were found to be more active. At the same time, we observed anisotropic compositional gradients of nickel cations inside of the iron oxide, originating from the nickel support film. Our work shows that the methodology used can affect the composition of the surface and near surface of the grown nanowires. It therefore points out the importance of a detailed analysis, in order to obtain a realistic structureactivity relationship in photo-electro-catalysis.

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“…The Kirkendall effect arises when diffusion is allowed to take place between two adjacent solids that have different diffusivities. 26 Because of the unequal diffusion rates, there is a net movement of atoms from one side of the interface to the other. With the atoms diffusing to one direction, a balance is achieved by an equal net flow of vacancies to the opposite direction.…”

Section: Acs Applied Nano Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Porosity in Copper-Based Multinary Sulfide Nanostructures for Energy, Biomedical, Catalytic, and Sensing Applications

Regulacio

Wang

Seh

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Copper-based multinary sulfides (CMSs) have been the subject of intense research over the past decade due to the numerous outstanding properties that emerge when they are synthesized on the nanoscale. CMS compounds (e.g., CuInS 2 , Cu 2 SnS 3 , Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13 , and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 ) are best known for their immense potential in energy-related disciplines. Through nanoscale engineering, new and exciting opportunities have opened up for these materials to be used in a wider range of applications. This review accords particular attention to nanostructured CMS materials with porous morphological features to be used in energy, biomedical, catalytic, and sensing applications owing to their large, tunable, and accessible surface area. Although the construction of porous nanostructures of metals and binary materials has already been well established, tailoring porosity in multinary materials like CMSs remains a big challenge due to their multiple elemental components. Herein, we provide useful discussions on the different modes of pore formation that are fundamental to the construction of CMS nanostructures with tailor-made porosity. These pore-forming strategies are classified into three types: (1) Kirkendall effectinduced hollowing, (2) aggregation-based pore formation, and (3) template-assisted pore engineering. The ability to craft porous features in CMS nanomaterials has proven to be beneficial in advancing their properties and expanding their application domains, and thus, future efforts should be devoted to furthering our understanding of the various pore formation mechanisms as this could lead to the construction of more sophisticated porous CMS architectures with optimal performance for desired applications. We anticipate that the design concepts discussed here can be extended to other emerging classes of multinary materials.

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The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

Abstract: This article is part of the Thematic Series "Atomic scale interface design and characterisation: Theory-Structure and dynamics".

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Growth of Ordered Iron Oxide Nanowires for Photo-electrochemical Water Oxidation

Tailoring Porosity in Copper-Based Multinary Sulfide Nanostructures for Energy, Biomedical, Catalytic, and Sensing Applications

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The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

Abstract: This article is part of the Thematic Series "Atomic scale interface design and characterisation: Theory-Structure and dynamics".

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

Investigation of Ag-TiO2 Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO2 Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Investigation of Ag-TiO2 Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO2 Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Growth of Ordered Iron Oxide Nanowires for Photo-electrochemical Water Oxidation

Tailoring Porosity in Copper-Based Multinary Sulfide Nanostructures for Energy, Biomedical, Catalytic, and Sensing Applications

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Resources

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Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition

Investigation of Ag-TiO₂ Interfacial Reaction of Highly Stable Ag Nanowire Transparent Conductive Film with Conformal TiO₂ Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition