The kiss-1-kisspeptin-gpr54 complex: a critical modulator of GnRH neurons during pubertal activation

Abstract

Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of GnRH neurons must occur. The GnRH neurons extend their neurosecretory axons to the hypothalamus where GnRH is released into the pituitary portal vessels to elicit the secretion of LH and FSH, which in turn, will promote gonadal development and support reproductive physiology. Genetic studies have demonstrated that disabling mutations and targeted deletions of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR54) generated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This link between GPR54 and reproduction, generated attention to the natural ligands of the GPR54 receptor, known as kisspeptins, which are translational products of the hypothalamic gene KiSS1. Recent advances in kisspeptin research have defined a major role of this molecule in controlling the onset of the reproductive function observed at puberty. The aim of this review is to highlight the basic endocrine and genetic concepts involved in the establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis function which promotes the onset of the reproductive function during puberty. The review highlights what is currently known about the kisspeptin-GPR54 signalling system in the activation of the GnRH neurons.

Beta-carotene supplementation positively affects selected blood metabolites across time around the onset of puberty in goats

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“…Chronological age was originally involved as a key modulator of puberty onset (Meza-Herrera et al 2010). Later on, other internal signals such as the acquisition of a critical body mass, serum increases in various metabolic hormones (e.g.…”

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“…Suplementación estratégica durante periodos críticos. El estado nutricional y las interacciones socio-sexuales son señales importantes que pueden influir en la actividad, comportamiento y eficiencia reproductiva (Meza-Herrera et al, 2006;Urrutia-Morales et al, 2009;Gonzalez-Bulnes et al, 2010;Meza-Herrera et al, 2010). El peso vivo de las crías varió a través del tiempo (P<0.001) y difirió entre el grupo de cabritos suplementados con BN y el control (P<0.001).…”

“…Strategic supplementation during critical periods. Nutritional status and socio-sexual interactions are important signals that can influence reproductive activity, behavior and efficiency (Meza-Herrera et al, 2006;Urrutia-Morales et al, 2009;Gonzalez-Bulnes et al, 2010;Meza-Herrera et al, 2010). Live weight of the offspring varied over time (P<0.001) and differed between the group of kids supplemented with NB and the control (P<0.001).…”

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“…Understanding the adopted sheep production systems is an important step towards improving productivity. A brief look shows that productive and reproductive parameters in domestic animals are influenced by genetic and environmental factors (Arechiga et al, 2008;Meza-Herrera, 2008;Meza-Herrera et al, 2010;2011). The heritability of most economic traits is quite low.…”