The Korean Integrated Model (KIM) System for Global Weather Forecasting

Hong, Song‐You; Kwon, Young‐Hoo; Kim, Tae-Hun; Kim, Jung-Eun Esther; Choi, Seok Reyol; Kwon, In-Hyuk; Kim, Jung-Han; Lee, Eun-Hee; Park, Rae-Seol; Kim, Dong-Il

doi:10.1007/s13143-018-0028-9

Cited by 79 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The next‐generation global model KIM under development at the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Systems (KIAPS) is used in this study (Hong et al, ). KIM consists of a spectral element nonhydrostatic dynamic core on a cubed‐sphere and a state‐of‐the‐art physics package (Baek, ; Choi et al, ; Choi & Hong, ; Hong et al, ; Koo et al, ; Kwon & Hong, ; Park et al, ). The physics package of the most up‐to‐date KIM (version 3.1) is summarized in Table .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Implications for Radiative Cloud Forcing via the Link Between Shallow Convection and Planetary Boundary Layer Mixing

Park

Kwon

2018

JGR Atmospheres

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In this study, the role of shallow convection and its links with planetary boundary layer (PBL) mixing is analyzed using a global atmospheric model. All of the simulations are conducted with the Korean Integrated Model (KIM), which is a next-generation operational global model for Korea Meteorological Administration. The simulation results show that the direct effect of shallow convection enhances additional vertical mixing inside the shallow convective layer, whereas its indirect effect reduces vertical mixing inside the PBL by changing the PBL height, thus vertical mixing strength. It is also found that the impact of shallow convection on low-level clouds is tightly related to the overlapping between PBL and shallowing convection. When the PBL height is located in the higher (lower) part of the shallow convective layer, the mixing across the top of the PBL becomes smaller (larger). Therefore, the diffusivity profile of KIM shallow convection scheme is modified according to the overlapping pattern of PBL mixing and shallow convection. The systematic bias of downward solar radiation at the surface of KIM is improved with the revised diffusivity profile of the shallow convection scheme proposed in this study. PARK AND KWON13,203

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shallow convection (SCV hereafter) scheme of the KIM is based on Hong et al (, ), which is one of the eddy diffusion schemes similar to the PBL scheme aforementioned. After determining the bottom and top of the SCV, the diffusivity profile is calculated with the depth of SCV, PBL height, and other parameters (equation in the section ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Implications for Radiative Cloud Forcing via the Link Between Shallow Convection and Planetary Boundary Layer Mixing

Park

Kwon

2018

JGR Atmospheres

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“…Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems (KIAPS) has been developing DA systems and a global model, Korean Integrated Model (KIM: Hong et al ., ), for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The KIM is a non‐hydrostatic global atmospheric model that uses the spectral element method on a cubed‐sphere grid (Choi et al ., 2014).…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The points on the cubed‐sphere grid are designated in the equiangular coordinates (Nair et al ., ). In this study, the version 2.3 (as of April 2016; refer to Appendices A1 and A2 in Hong et al ., ) of KIM is used with the horizontal resolution of the deterministic forecast, 25 km. The vertical discretization is stratified with 50 levels, with the pressure of the lid, 0.3 hPa.…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the wind–mass balance constraint on ensemble forecasts in the hybrid‐4DEnVar

Song

Kang

2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Ensemble forecast covariance plays an important role in the hybridized background error covariance framework to improve the resultant analysis quality. However, a localization of ensemble samples is needed to fully take advantage of flow-dependent error modes. In this regard, it is an interesting and practical issue as to which variables, composing the ensemble perturbation, the localization should be applied to. This study examines this issue in a boreal-summer month by comparing two experimental sets: (a) a set of model variables, and (b) another set of model wind variables and unbalanced dry mass (temperature and surface pressure) used for the control variables. In the comparison, it is shown that imposing the wind-mass balance on the ensemble perturbation improves the Antarctic lower-stratospheric temperature and tropical mid-/lower-tropospheric humidity. The nonlinear wind-mass balance relationship smooths an evolution of humidity forecast forced by the resultant analysis increments.

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“…The points on the cubed-sphere grid are designated in equiangular coordinates (Nair et al, 2005). In this study, the horizontal resolution of the KIM deterministic forecast is 25 km (the version of April 2016; KIM v2.3; refer to Appendices A1 and A2 in Hong et al, 2018). The vertical level is stratified with 50 grid points, with the tallest level, 0.3 hPa.…”

Section: Nwp Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended representation of wind–mass correlation by ensemble forecasting for data assimilation

Song

2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Initialization for numerical weather prediction models is of utmost importance especially in the short‐range forecast of the weather accompanying extreme events such as heavy rainfall, heatwaves, and so on. The balance relationship between wind and mass in the initialized field has been an important issue since Richardson's first attempt at numerical prediction. In a climatological framework, regressed‐linear and analytic‐nonlinear balancing methods are used to impose the wind–mass correlation onto the analysis increment, which results from data assimilation procedures. The advection of horizontal wind destroys the isotropy assumption by the regressed‐linear balance approach. The nonlinear balance equation approach including the advection process reduces this disadvantage more or less. However, it is shown that forecast ensemble correlation helps even the regressed balance approach to address the anisotropy in the hybridization framework. The regressed balance approach, in common with the nonlinear balance, experiences (a) considerable residual of the horizontal momentum conservation in the Antarctic stratosphere, and (b) lack of thermodynamic energy relationship between divergent wind and temperature in the Tropics. This study demonstrates with phenomenological examples that these weaknesses of the traditional (especially, regressed) methods are effectively resolved by forecast ensemble covariance.

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The Korean Integrated Model (KIM) System for Global Weather Forecasting

Cited by 79 publications

References 70 publications

The Implications for Radiative Cloud Forcing via the Link Between Shallow Convection and Planetary Boundary Layer Mixing

The Implications for Radiative Cloud Forcing via the Link Between Shallow Convection and Planetary Boundary Layer Mixing

Effects of the wind–mass balance constraint on ensemble forecasts in the hybrid‐4DEnVar

Extended representation of wind–mass correlation by ensemble forecasting for data assimilation

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