The Labor-Force Participation of Married Mothers of Infants

Avioli, Paula Smith

doi:10.2307/352277

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Employed, married, African American mothers were younger than employed, married, White mothers; however, African American mothers were younger at the birth of their first child than White mothers (Avioli, 1985). Yoon and Waite (1994) found that African American mothers with some college education were more likely to return to work after the birth of their first child than African American mothers with high school or less education; differences in education were not significant for employed and nonemployed White and Mexican-origin mothers.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Yoon and Waite (1994) found that African American mothers with some college education were more likely to return to work after the birth of their first child than African American mothers with high school or less education; differences in education were not significant for employed and nonemployed White and Mexican-origin mothers. Husbands' attitudes were related to employment status for White mothers, but not for African American mothers (Avioli, 1985).Attitudes toward employment and employment history have also been related to employment for married mothers. In Youngblut et al's study (1990) of two-parent families with 3-month-old preterm infants, employed mothers held more positive attitudes toward employment but reported less choice and satisfaction with their employment decision than nonemployed mothers.…”

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confidence: 85%

“…Joesch (1994) found that women with healthy infants returned to paid work earlier if they were employed during pregnancy. Avioli (1985) found that employed married mothers were more likely to have prior work experience and to plan to work in the future than nonemployed married mothers.Few researchers have investigated the relationship between characteristics of the children in the family and the mother's employment status. Youngblut et al (1990) found no differences on preterm infant morbidity at birth (gestational age, birth weight, and length of neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] stay) or after discharge from the NICU (use of an apnea monitor, number of illnesses, and mothers' ratings of their infants' health) across employment groups.…”

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confidence: 93%

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Mother, Child, and Family Factors Related to Employment of Single Mothers With LBW Preschoolers

Youngblut

Singer

Madigan

et al. 1997

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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The purpose of this study was to identify maternal, child, and family factors related to the employment status and employment history of single mothers of low-birth-weight (LBW) and full-term preschoolers. A sample of 121 female-headed, single-parent families with 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old LBW and full-term children was recruited through admission records to three Level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and birth records of two normal newborn nurseries. Results show that the birth of an LBW infant was not related to employment status, number of hours employed per week, or employment history for single mothers. Employed mothers had significantly more education and more positive attitudes toward employment. Controlling for other factors, never being married, and having more children, more federal income, and less positive employment attitudes were predictive of nonemployment. Both employed and nonemployed women expressed preference for employment.Single-parent families, especially those headed by women, are a growing segment of American society. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992), the number of female-headed, single-parent families with children under 18 years of age increased by 25% from 1980 to 1991; 60.2% of African American children, 24.2% of Hispanic children, and 12.8% of White children under 6 live in a female-headed, single-parent family. Health insurance and many financial benefits are tied to employment and may be in jeopardy if the mother is not employed; only 48.8% of never-married mothers with children under 6 years old are employed as compared to 59.9% of married mothers and 59.8% of separated, widowed, or divorced mothers with children under 6 years of age (US. Census Bureau, 1992). Although many studies have identified factors related to employment in married mothers, few have studied factors related to employment of single mothers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe the relationship of selected mother, child, and family factors to the employment status of single mothers with term and preterm preschoolers. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIn her study of single mothers receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Chrissinger (1980) found that mothers employed for up to 18 of the previous 36 months (low-employment group) were less knowledgeable about the amount of income they could earn without affecting their AFDC support than mothers employed for more than 18 of the previous 36 months (high-employment group). Low-and high-employment mothers were similar on education, use of Medicaid and food stamps, enrollment in job-training programs, and possession of job skills, and they held equally positive attitudes toward employment. Although the number of children and age of the youngest child were similar, age of the oldest child covered by AFDC was higher in high-employment families.In studies of single and married mothers, single mothers were more likely to be employed when they had more education (Mauldin & ...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 93%

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Mother, Child, and Family Factors Related to Employment of Single Mothers With LBW Preschoolers

Youngblut

Singer

Madigan

et al. 1997

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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“…Results from previous studies indicate that time spent in child care differs between married and single mothers and between employed and unemployed mothers [Douthitt et al, 1990;Sanik and Mauldin 1986;Mauldin and Meeks 1990]. Although many studies have noted the constraining effects of the presence of preschool children on married mothers' labor force participation (see Avioli [1985], Darian [1976], Gramm [1975], Gronau [1973], and Stolzenberg and Waite [1984]), few studies focus on the effects of children on single mothers' labor force participation [Berger and Black 1992;Garfmkel and Orr 1974;Levy 1979]. Research on the comparison between single and married mothers' labor force participation is scarce [Rexroat, 1990].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of birth spacing and timing on mothers' labor force participation

Miller

Xiao

1999

Atlantic Economic Journal

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The Working Family: Helping Women Balance the Roles of Wife, Mother, and Career Woman

Stoltz-Loike¹

1992

The Career Development Quart

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This article reviews research literature of the past 15 years to assess the impact of four factors on women's career continuity: (a) husband's attitude toward his wife's paid employment, ( b ) financial considerations, (c) household responsibilities, and ( d ) wife's personality variables. Particular issues relevant to career counselors are highlighted throughout this review and a variety of career related strategies are presented that can be used to assist clients in achieving this balance. As the number of women in the labor force continues to increase, women's ability to effectively balance family and career concerns will be essential to successful and continuous employment.Over the last two decades couples have redefined marital norms with respect to work and family life, The "typical" American family no longer consists of employed father and homemaker mother, but more often consists of couples where both spouses are employed. Women are coming to career counselors for help in finding jobs, to learn new and more effective ways to work and to master a variety of work-relevant behaviors. Yet, the ability to effectively balance the roles of wife, mother, and employed woman can be one of the most complex and difficult challenges to career success and continuity.The goals of this review article are twofold: first, to review and integrate the literature on working families so that counselors will be better able to define and understand the factors that affect women's performance, advancement, a n d continuity i n t h e workforce; second, to review and propose to counselors some Marian Stoltz-Loike is a family and career consultant for Stoltz-Loike Associate, Flushing, New York. 244THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY / MARCH 1992 / VOL. 40

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The Labor-Force Participation of Married Mothers of Infants

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Mother, Child, and Family Factors Related to Employment of Single Mothers With LBW Preschoolers

Mother, Child, and Family Factors Related to Employment of Single Mothers With LBW Preschoolers

Effects of birth spacing and timing on mothers' labor force participation

The Working Family: Helping Women Balance the Roles of Wife, Mother, and Career Woman

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