A critical examination of Gross's hypothesis that aboriginal Amazonian populations were limited to low levels by lack of adequate protein resources concludes that (1) evidence either f o r or against the hypothesis is still in short supply; (2) the role of vegetcble protein in abonginal diets needs much more attention and may ultimately overthrow the proteinlimitation hypothesis; (3) the abundance of animal protein in the tropical forest has likely also been underestimated; (4) the abundance of people in precontact Amazonia may well have been underestimated as well. [Amazonia, protein, cultural ecology, limiting factors, population]. GROSS (1975) HAS ARGUED that the size, permanence, and density of aboriginal settlements in the Amazon basin were and are limited to low levels-for the most part the levels manifested today by the surviving indigenous peoples -by insufficient protein resources. This paper takes issue with that claim and submits that the evidence to support Gross's conclusion is fragmentary and ambiguous enough to permit a contrary claim: that, currently at least, protein sources may be underexploited in the Hylea. (Gross has cast the argument in the best possible way by directing attention not only to the broad category "protein" but, more specifically, to the crucial matter of the relative proportions of the essential amino acids, which determine the quality of any protein in human nutrition. That vital information is utterly lacking for many of the protein foods discussed below, but if the issue is raised in anthropological circles, we may eventually gain the missing data.) I want to stress at the outset that I am not hostile to the idea of protein limitation of human populations per se. In fact, I have argued (Beckerman 1977) that precisely such a mechanism as Gross suggests did indeed limit the size of the populations inhabiting some of the Polynesian islands. The difference is that in the Polynesian case we have (1) a situation in which the flora and fauna are notably impoverished, for good biogeographical reaons; (2) a situation that therefore provides us with a good a przori reason to suspect that a limitation of resource alternatives may have been an important factor in the population dynamics of the people involved; (3)
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