The Ladder of Success in Imperial China

Ho, Ping-ti

doi:10.7312/ho--93690

Cited by 162 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…It then rose as the main state ideology during the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (156–87 BC ), when all other schools of thought were proscribed (Craig, ; Ren, ). For thousands of years, Chinese imperial authorities had persistently promoted the Confucian virtues through the erection of temples for worshiping and honoring Confucian sages like Confucius and Mencius and those adhering religiously to his cardinal principles (the Confucian scholars) (Chow, ; Ho, ). Meanwhile, local officials and gentry, who were deeply schooled in ethical Confucianism themselves, were zealous in their efforts to popularize the moral principles underpinning the Confucian values (Fairbank & Reischauer, ; Wakeman, ).…”

Section: Institutional Background Literature Review and Hypothesis mentioning

confidence: 99%

Confucianism, openness to the West, and corporate investment efficiency

Chen

Jin

et al. 2018

Euro Fin Management

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This study presents robust findings that Confucianism significantly improves investment efficiency of Chinese listed firms and that the improvement is achieved through decreasing overinvestment without inducing underinvestment. Financial reporting quality is found to be an important mechanism for the disciplinary effect of Confucianism to work. More importantly, we provide strong and consistent evidence that openness to the West neutralizes the role of the Confucianism in overinvestment. Against the backdrop of globalization, this paper offers valuable references to emerging markets that experience intensive interactions with developed economies. K E Y W O R D SConfucianism, financial reporting quality, investment efficiency, openness to the West

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Section: Institutional Background Literature Review and Hypothesis mentioning

confidence: 99%

Confucianism, openness to the West, and corporate investment efficiency

Chen

Jin

et al. 2018

Euro Fin Management

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“…10 Several months later, in an edict responding to Zeng Guofan's memorial about the difficulties of postwar canal transportation, Emperor Tongzhi ordered Shandong officials to repair the canal. 11 But, the court's intent to entirely restore canal grain transportation was objected to by most provincial governors. Faced with financial shortfalls and social instability, local governments only carried out sporadic maintenance jobs.…”

Section: Factors In the Drastic Collapse Of The Grand Canalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for an overall evaluation of the academic success of Shandong province relative to the whole empire, its mean percentage of jinshi population ranked eighth in the Ming and ninth in the Qing. Ping-ti Ho [11], 226-230. in local cultural, social, and economic realms, molding the city's distinctive urban identity. In times of peace, they ran charitable organizations, welfare relief, and looked after the construction and maintenance of canals, ditches, roads, bridges, and schools.…”

Section: Local Response Strategy and Attempts Toward Modernitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Resisting Marginalization in Late Qing China: Local Dynamics in Jining’s Initial Modern Transformation, 1881–1911

Sun

2009

East Asia

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From the mid-19th century, China began to experience drastic changes such as bureaucratic corruption, popular insurgence, the waning of the central imperial power, and the decay of the Grand Canal, which had been the lifeline for the whole empire during the late imperial period. The abolition of grain tribute shipping, the withdrawal of the canal and canal-related hydraulic system, and then the disruption of the canal channel in the north resulted in the decline of most urban centers along the canal's course, including Jining, a great canal metropolis in southwestern Shandong province. Furthermore, the overwhelming intrusion of Western capitalist-dominated globalization dramatically turned these interior urban centers into hinterlands. Jining found itself downgraded to a peripheral status but did not decline like most northern cities and areas. This paper examines the extraordinary undertakings by Jining's powerful and open-minded elites who largely constrained the locality's decline and vigorously worked towards its modernization in the last decades of the Qing. This local story illustrates an example of a partially successful Western urban transformation in inland China.

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“…The adoption of Confucian classics as the syllabus of the imperial examination, the function of which was selection of talents to the ruling bureaucracy and upward mobility for individuals, reinforced such dominance. For centuries the imperial examination served as an open mechanism in social selection based on merit (Ho, 1964). For men from humble backgrounds, this was the only upward mobility route.…”

Section: The Chinese Learner á An Inter-cultural Typologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in the Chinese Classroom in Changing Contexts

Mak

2008

Evaluation & Research in Education

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International comparisons in educational achievement and economic performance have spurred studies on the East Asian learner. In this context the cultural perspective on the Chinese learner has gained currency. This paper examines how the interaction of cultural, social and structural forces shape the changing patterns of diversity among Chinese learners. I will argue that the cultural explanation is powerful as an inter-cultural typology, where the salient features of a culture are highlighted for comparison at the system level. However, it becomes limited as one's attention shifts to daily practice, where sharp individual differences present a major challenge to teachers. It is necessary to study the Chinese learner also as an intracultural typology. A probe into possible causes of individual differences in the changing social reality supports a social explanation to complement the cultural one. Educational policy initiatives, notably mass education, reduction of streaming and additional support for students from deprived backgrounds, attempt to narrow the gap through more equitable structures. The tension between cultural and planned structural factors on one hand and social factors on the other thus exerts competing influence on Chinese learners, resulting in increasing diversity in the new social reality in the Chinese classroom.

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The Ladder of Success in Imperial China

Cited by 162 publications

References 0 publications

Confucianism, openness to the West, and corporate investment efficiency

Confucianism, openness to the West, and corporate investment efficiency

Resisting Marginalization in Late Qing China: Local Dynamics in Jining’s Initial Modern Transformation, 1881–1911

Diversity in the Chinese Classroom in Changing Contexts

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