The Landscape of Fear: Ecological Implications of Being Afraid~!2009-09-09~!2009-11-16~!2010-02-02~!

Laundré, John W.; Hernández, Lucina; Ripple, William J.

doi:10.2174/1874213001003030001

Cited by 651 publications

(586 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Finally, the hedgehogs tracked in this study were found further from badger activity than a randomly generated set of tracking fixes. These results support the notion that predator avoidance is one possible cause of hedgehogs' selection of rural villages (Micol et al 1994;Laundre et al 2010;Hof et al 2012). However, badger presence was not the only cause of the site differences in home range size, there were differences between the two sites with badgers and the two sites without, plausibly due to other differences between the sites such as resource availability.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Factors affecting hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) attraction to rural villages in arable landscapes

et al. 2017

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Although residential areas are often unfavourable for wildlife, some species can take advantage of the available shelter and anthropogenic sources of food such as supplementary feeding. The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is increasingly associated with gardens and villages and less so with arable farmland. Suggested drivers for this include the following: hedgehogs' attraction to higher food densities, including natural prey and anthropogenic sources, a greater range of day nest sites and warmer microclimates in rural villages, coupled with decreased risk of predation by badgers (Meles meles). We investigated the contribution of these drivers by radio-tracking hedgehogs on four arable sites, two with badgers present. Seventy-eight hedgehogs were tracked, 32 yielding enough data to calculate home range sizes. At the home range and landscape scales, gardens and buildings were the highest ranked habitats compared with their availability. Woodland and arable land were the lowest ranked compared with their availability. Villages were the most selected habitat for nesting. When hedgehogs were found closer to buildings, their ranges were smaller and we speculate this is due to increased food availability in villages. Where badgers were present hedgehogs remained closer to cover and their home ranges were on average 12.2 ha smaller. On badger-occupied sites, 50% fewer radio-tracking fixes were on arable land. We conclude that resource availability coupled with nest site selection and badger presence drives hedgehogs' selection of rural villages. We found no effect of ambient temperature on habitat use. We recommend focusing conservation efforts on maintaining hedgehog populations in rural villages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Factors affecting hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) attraction to rural villages in arable landscapes

et al. 2017

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“…Indeed, in the most recent study, the difference in functional responses between the invasive Hemimysis anomala and native Mysis salemaai was exacerbated by the presence of a higher trophic-level predator (Barrios-O'Neill et al in press). Derivation of functional responses thus require attention to the myriad effects of threats to the individual, the so-called 'landscape of fear' (see Laundré et al 2010) or 'ecology of fear' (see Clinchy et al 2013). Finally, whilst not essential in the overall goal of comparing functional responses of invaders and natives towards prey, disentangling the relative roles of predator 'novelty' and prey 'naievete' (see Sih et al 2010) would provide insight into reasons for the higher functional responses of invaders and hence insight into ecological impact.…”

Section: Challenges Future Research and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing impact prediction and hypothesis testing in invasion ecology using a comparative functional response approach

et al. 2013

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Invasion ecology urgently requires predictive methodologies that can forecast the ecological impacts of existing, emerging and potential invasive species. We argue that many ecologically damaging invaders are characterised by their more efficient use of resources. Consequently, comparison of the classical 'functional response' (relationship between resource use and availability) between invasive and trophically analogous native species may allow prediction of invader ecological impact. We review the utility of species trait comparisons and the history and context of the use of functional responses in invasion ecology, then present our framework for the use of comparative functional responses. We show that functional response analyses, by describing the resource use of species over a range of resource availabilities, avoids many pitfalls of 'snapshot' assessments of resource use. Our framework demonstrates how comparisons of invader and native functional responses, within and between Type II and III functional responses, allow testing of the likely population-level outcomes of invasions for affected species. Furthermore, we describe how recent studies support the predictive capacity of this method; for example, the invasive 'bloody red shrimp' Hemimysis anomala shows higher Type II functional responses than native mysids and this corroborates, and could -013-0550-8 have predicted, actual invader impacts in the field. The comparative functional response method can also be used to examine differences in the impact of two or more invaders, two or more populations of the same invader, and the abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. parasitism) context-dependencies of invader impacts. Our framework may also address the previous lack of rigour in testing major hypotheses in invasion ecology, such as the 'enemy release' and 'biotic resistance' hypotheses, as our approach explicitly considers demographic consequences for impacted resources, such as native and invasive prey species. We also identify potential challenges in the application of comparative functional responses in invasion ecology. These include incorporation of numerical responses, multiple predator effects and trait-mediated indirect interactions, replacement versus non-replacement study designs and the inclusion of functional responses in risk assessment frameworks. In future, the generation of sufficient case studies for a meta-analysis could test the overall hypothesis that comparative functional responses can indeed predict invasive species impacts.Biol Invasions (2014) 16:735-753 DOI 10.1007/s10530

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“…Animals will forage in safe areas if they can (Banks 2001;Verdolin 2006) but when they must forage in risky areas, they adopt many behaviours to manage their risk, including reduced time allocation, increased vigilance, central place foraging and group foraging (Lima and Dill 1990). Thus predation risk has clearly demonstrated sublethal behavioural impacts on prey, including herbivores, modifying where they go and how long they stay at a feeding patch (Brown et al 1999;Laundre et al 2010).…”

Section: Dealing With Predation Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dilemma of foraging herbivores: dealing with food and fear

et al. 2014

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The Landscape of Fear: Ecological Implications of Being Afraid~!2009-09-09~!2009-11-16~!2010-02-02~!

Cited by 651 publications

References 54 publications

Factors affecting hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) attraction to rural villages in arable landscapes

Factors affecting hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) attraction to rural villages in arable landscapes

Advancing impact prediction and hypothesis testing in invasion ecology using a comparative functional response approach

The dilemma of foraging herbivores: dealing with food and fear

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