The Large Central Amazonian River Floodplains Near Manaus: Geological, Climatological, Hydrological and Geomorphological Aspects

Irion, Georg; Junk, Wolfgang J.; Mello, José Alberto Sampaio Nunes de

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_2

Cited by 123 publications

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“…The three lakes fit both lognormal and logarithmic distributions. The fit to logarithmic series probably happened due to dominance of the drying effect, since the bigger variation of periodicity and power occurs in the dry rather than the flood season (Irion et al, 1997). On the other hand, competition, predation, and interactions of other biotic factors important to the Amazonian fish community dynamic induce lognormal distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish diversity of floodplain lakes on the lower stretch of the Solimões River

Siqueira‐Souza

Freitas

2004

Braz. J. Biol.

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The fish community of the Solimões floodplain lakes was studied by bimonthly samples taken from May 2001 to April 2002. These were carried out at lakes Maracá (03º51'33"S, 62º35'08,6"W), Samaúma (03º50'42,1"S, 61º39'49,3"W), and Sumaúma and Sacambú (03º17 '11,6"S and 60º04'31,4"W), located between the town of Coari and the confluence of the Solimões and Negro rivers. Collections were done with 15 gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. We collected 1,313 animals distributed in 77 species, belonging to 55 genera of 20 families and 5 orders. Characiformes was the most abundant Order, with a larger number of representatives in the Serrasalmidae and Curimatidae. The most abundant species in the samplings were Psectrogaster rutiloides (132 individuals), Pigocentrus nattereri (115 individuals), and Serrasalmus elongatus (109 individuals). Lakes Samaúma, Sacambú, and Sumaúma were adjusted to logarithmic and lognormal series. The diversity exhibited an inverse gradient to the river flow, showing the highest diversity at Lake Sumaúma, followed by Samaúma, Sacambú, and Maracá. Species richness estimated through the jackknife technique ranged from 78 to 107 species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish diversity of floodplain lakes on the lower stretch of the Solimões River

Siqueira‐Souza

Freitas

2004

Braz. J. Biol.

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“…Periodic sea level rises not necessarily restricted to the Miocene had a tremendous impact on the formation of modern Amazonian rivers and their associated biota, either by direct inland marine incursions or by promoting the formation of large impounded freshwater lakes, especially in the lower Amazon (Irion et al 1997, Lundberg et al 1998). On the Brazilian shield, the ''damming-back effect'' promoted by impounded lakes caused the enlargement of the width of rivers with great discharge such as the Tocantins, Xingú , and Tapajó s. The earliest split in the X. spixii/elegans superespecies (between the sister species X. spixii and X. elegans), estimated as being completed by about three million years ago, could have been initiated by an extensive embayment of the Tapajó s river in a period of high sea levels during the late Pliocene, when impounded lakes covered the lower Amazon (Irion et al 1995).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Diversification of a Terra-Firme Forest Bird Superspecies: A Phylogeographic Perspective on the Role of Different Hypotheses of Amazonian Diversification

2004

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Abstract. Among those few hypotheses of Amazonian diversification amenable to falsification by phylogenetic and population genetics methods, three can be singled out because of their general application to vertebrates: the riverine barrier, the refuge, and the Miocene marine incursion hypotheses. I used phylogenetic and population genetics methods to reconstruct the diversification history of the upland (terra-firme) forest superspecies Xiphorhynchus spixii/elegans (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in Amazonia, and to evaluate predictions of the riverine barrier, refuge, and Miocene marine incursion hypotheses. Phylogeographic and population genetics analyses of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies indicated that the main prediction of the riverine barrier hypothesis (that sister lineages occur across major rivers) hold only for populations separated by ''clear-water'' rivers located on the Brazilian shield, in central and eastern Amazonia; in contrast, ''white-water'' rivers located in western Amazonia did not represent areas of primary divergence for populations of this superspecies. The main prediction derived from the refuge hypothesis (that populations of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies would show signs of past population bottlenecks and recent demographic expansions) was supported only for populations found in western Amazonia, where paleoecological data have failed to support past rainforest fragmentation and expansion of open vegetation types; conversely, populations from the eastern and central parts of Amazonia, where paleoecological data are consistent with an historical interplay between rainforest and open vegetation types, did not show population genetics attributes expected under the refuge hypothesis. Phylogeographic and population genetics data were consistent with the prediction made by the Miocene marine incursion hypothesis that populations of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies found on the Brazilian shield were older than populations from other parts of Amazonia. In contrast, the phylogeny obtained for lineages of this superspecies falsified the predicted monophyly of Brazilian shield populations, as postulated by the Miocene marine incursion hypothesis. In general, important predictions of both riverine barrier and Miocene marine incursion hypotheses were supported, indicating that they are not mutually exclusive; in fact, the data presented herein suggest that an interaction among geology, sea level changes, and hydrography created opportunities for cladogenesis in the X. spixii/elegans superspecies at different temporal and geographical scales.Key words. Aves, Amazonia, Miocene marine incursion hypothesis, phylogeography, population genetics, refuge hypothesis, riverine barrier hypothesis.Received March 10, 2003. Accepted February 10, 2004 The bird fauna of the Amazon lowlands in South America is the richest in the world, with over 1000 species, of which about 265 are endemic (Stotz et al. 1996;Nores 2000). As early as 1852, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace put forward an evolutionary...

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“…The pattern of water level fluctuations at Jenaro Herrera resembles observations from the Amazon River at Iquitos (Kvist and Nebel, 2001). Junk (1989) and Irion et al (1997) stress that in an ecological context unusually long periods of wetness or dryness are probably much more decisive than the average water fluctuations.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and floristic composition of flood plain forests in the Peruvian Amazon

Nebel¹,

Kvist²,

Vanclay

et al. 2001

Forest Ecology and Management

126

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Three Peruvian flood plain forests adjacent to the Ucayali river were sampled using nine 1 ha permanent sample plots in which stems exceeding 10 cm DBH were identified and measured. These plots were measured four times during 1993-1997. Three plots were established in each of the three forest types high restinga, low restinga, and tahuampa, characterised in part by an annual inundation of one, two and four months per year, respectively. Stem density varied from 446 to 601 per hectare, and the basal area ranged between 20 and 29 m 2 /ha. A total of 321 species were recorded in the nine hectare sample, with 88-141 species in each 1 ha plot. Species composition indicated a relatively low similarity between the forest types. Plots with the longest flooding contained the most species, expressed both as per unit area as well as per 1000 stems. The flood plain forests contained fewer tree species than adjacent non-flooded terra firme forest. Family importance values were calculated for each forest. In all three forests Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae and Lauraceae were important. The Moraceae family was conspicuous in both high restinga and low restinga. The Arecaceae and Meliaceae were notable in high restinga, as was Rubiaceae in low restinga. Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae and Chrysobalanaceae exhibited relatively high values in the tahuampa forest. High species importance values were obtained for Maquira coriacea, Guarea macrophylla, Terminalia oblonga, Spondias mombin, Ceiba pentandra, Hura crepitans, Eschweilera spp., Canipsiandra angustifolia, Pouteria spp., Licania micrantha, Parinari excelsa and Calycophyllum spruceanum. Among the species of smaller stature, Drypetes amazonica, Leonia glycicarpa, Theobroma cacao and Protium nodulosum attained high values.

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The Large Central Amazonian River Floodplains Near Manaus: Geological, Climatological, Hydrological and Geomorphological Aspects

Cited by 123 publications

References 0 publications

Fish diversity of floodplain lakes on the lower stretch of the Solimões River

Fish diversity of floodplain lakes on the lower stretch of the Solimões River

Historical Diversification of a Terra-Firme Forest Bird Superspecies: A Phylogeographic Perspective on the Role of Different Hypotheses of Amazonian Diversification

Structure and floristic composition of flood plain forests in the Peruvian Amazon

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