The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century

Carey, Rebecca J.; Soule, S. Adam; Manga, Michael; White, James D. L.; McPhie, Jocelyn; Wysoczanski, Richard J.; Jutzeler, Martin; Tani, Kazuo; Yoerger, D.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Tontini, F. Caratori; Houghton, B. F.; Mitchell, S. J.; Ikegami, Fumihiko; Conway, Chris E.; Murch, Arran; Fauria, Kristen E.; Jones, M.; Cahalan, Ryan; McKenzie, Warren

doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701121

Cited by 91 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A deposit of giant pumiceous blocks, which stacked up to five clasts high, covers > 36 km 2 of the caldera floor to at least 6 km from the vent (unit GP). The calculated volume in this sector is 0.1 km 3 , which is a minimum as the deposit extends further than the mapped area (Carey et al 2018). A 0.11-km 3 rhyolitic dome pair-Dome OP (P on top of O)-now overlies the vent responsible for the pumice raft and GP deposit (Fig.…”

Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…1). The seafloor GP deposit is inferred to be genetically related to the production of a pumice raft that formed over a 21.5-h period on July 18, 2012 (Carey et al 2018;Jutzeler et al 2014). Assuming a synchronous, linked origin, the time-averaged mass eruption rate estimated for this eruptive phase is~10 7 kg s −1 (Carey et al 2018).…”

Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The 2012 eruption of Havre volcano on the Kermadec Arc, New Zealand, was the largest recorded, deep submarine silicic eruption for 360 years prior to the eruption date Rotella et al 2015). More than 1.5 km 3 of rhyolite (70-72 wt.% SiO 2 ) erupted, at vent depths of 650-1280 m, with most of the volume being erupted from one 900 m deep vent (Carey et al , 2018. A deposit of giant pumiceous blocks, which stacked up to five clasts high, covers > 36 km 2 of the caldera floor to at least 6 km from the vent (unit GP).…”

Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This also allows us to assess the role of hydrostatic pressure control on magma decompression. A giant pumice unit (GP) from the 2012 eruption of Havre submarine volcano, Kermadec Arc, has a moderately well-constrained mass eruption rate and vent depth (Carey et al 2018;Manga et al 2018a, b). This study presents detailed textural and geochemical analyses of giant pumice from this eruption and provides a quantitative bridge between observations and inferred physical processes within a submarine silicic conduit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Voluminous deposits of giant pumiceous blocks up to meters across ("giant pumice") are more commonly associated with submarine silicic eruptions than subaerial eruptions, and can be found throughout the subaqueous volcaniclastic record (Allen and McPhie 2009;Allen et al 2010;Kano et al 1996;Kano 2003;Manga et al 2018a;Risso et al 2002;Von Lichtan et al 2016). They are observed (1) in uplifted ancient sequences with interpreted subaqueous provenance, (2) on the modern seafloor, or (3) on fossil lake shores from sublacustrine volcanic eruptions (Allen and McPhie 2009;Barker et al 2012;Carey et al 2018;Houghton et al 2010;Risso et al 2002). Subaqueous rhyolitic giant pumices have been studied in detail at Lake Taupo, New Zealand, from the 1.8-ka Taupo eruption Von Lichtan et al 2016;White et al 2001), the Sumisu Domes on the Izu-Bonin arc (Allen et al 2010), and in other locations of various water depths, although in less detail (Kano 2003;Risso et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption

et al. 2019

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Meter-scale vesicular blocks, termed "giant pumice," are characteristic primary products of many subaqueous silicic eruptions. The size of giant pumices allows us to describe meter-scale variations in textures and geochemistry with implications for shearing processes, ascent dynamics, and thermal histories within submarine conduits prior to eruption. The submarine eruption of Havre volcano, Kermadec Arc, in 2012, produced at least 0.1 km 3 of rhyolitic giant pumice from a single 900-m-deep vent, with blocks up to 10 m in size transported to at least 6 km from source. We sampled and analyzed 29 giant pumices from the 2012 Havre eruption. Geochemical analyses of whole rock and matrix glass show no evidence for geochemical heterogeneities in parental magma; any textural variations can be attributed to crystallization of phenocrysts and microlites, and degassing. Extensive growth of microlites occurred near conduit walls where magma was then mingled with ascending microlite-poor, low viscosity rhyolite. Meter-to micron-scale textural analyses of giant pumices identify diversity throughout an individual block and between the exteriors of individual blocks. We identify evidence for post-disruption vesicle growth during pumice ascent in the water column above the submarine vent. A 2D cumulative strain model with a flared, shallow conduit may explain observed vesicularity contrasts (elongate tube vesicles vs spherical vesicles). Low vesicle number densities in these pumices from this high-intensity silicic eruption demonstrate the effect of hydrostatic pressure above a deep submarine vent in suppressing rapid late-stage bubble nucleation and inhibiting explosive fragmentation in the shallow conduit.

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Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Giant Pumice From the 2012 Havre Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption

et al. 2019

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Environmental Impact of Silicic Magmatism in Large Igneous Province Events

Bryan

2021

Large Igneous Provinces

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Silicic magmatism is a feature of all continental LIP events, and where volumetrically significant, occurs as highfrequency (~1,000-10,000 yr recurrence intervals), large-magnitude (>M8) explosive supereruptions producing vast ignimbrite sheets. Silicic supereruptions inherently have the eruptive mechanism to deliver aerosols and ash to the stratosphere for global dispersal, and thus overcome eruptive barriers that exist for flood basalts built up by long-lived, low effusion and low vigor fountains that lack height and persistent stratospheric penetration. The historical record demonstrates the climate forcing capabilities of silicic supereruptions, which during LIP events, were likely associated with large CO 2 , SO 2 , halogen, and Hg emissions, and through tephra deposition, could cause iron fertilization in the world's oceans, thereby kick-starting phytoplanktonic biological pumps to significantly draw down atmospheric CO 2. What may be important, therefore, for LIP events to cause the most environmental impact and trigger a mass extinction, is the combined effect of closely spaced basaltic and silicic, or effusive and explosive, eruptions that work in tandem to overload the troposphere and stratosphere with volcanic aerosols producing rapid decadal-scale, extreme fluctuations in pH driven by acid rain, S-, or iron fertilization-driven temperature chills, and toxic UV radiation bursts. These effects could be repeated within as little as a few hundred years of each other particularly during hyperactive LIP pulses.

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Out of the blue: volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021-2022 Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai eruptions

Carn

Krotkov

Fisher

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On 15 January 2022 a submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano (Tonga) generated an explosion of historic magnitude, and was preceded by ~1 month of Surtseyan eruptive activity and two precursory explosive eruptions. We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) between December 2021 and the climactic 15 January 2022 eruption, comprising an unprecedented record of Surtseyan eruptive emissions. UV measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on Suomi-NPP, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA's Sentinel-5P, and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) are combined to yield a consistent multi-sensor record of eruptive degassing. We estimate SO 2 emissions during the eruption's key phases: the initial 19 December 2021 eruption (~0.01 Tg SO 2 ); continuous SO 2 emissions from 20 December 2021-early January 2022 (~0.12 Tg SO 2 ); the 13 January 2022 stratospheric eruption (0.06 Tg SO 2 ); and the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 eruption (~0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 ); yielding a total SO 2 emission of ~0.6-0.7 Tg SO 2 for the eruptive episode. We interpret the vigorous SO 2 emissions observed prior to the January 2022 eruptions, which were significantly higher than measured in the 2009 and 2014 HTHH eruptions, as strong evidence for a rejuvenated magmatic system. High cadence DSCOVR/ EPIC SO 2 imagery permits the first UV-based analysis of umbrella cloud spreading and volume flux in the 13 January 2022 eruption, and also tracks early dispersion of the stratospheric SO 2 cloud injected on January 15. The ~0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 discharged by the paroxysmal 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption is low relative to other eruptions of similar magnitude, and a review of other submarine eruptions in the satellite era indicates that modest SO 2 yields may be characteristic of submarine volcanism, with the emissions and atmospheric impacts likely dominated by water vapor. The origin of the low SO 2 loading awaits further investigation but scrubbing of SO 2 in the water-rich eruption plumes and rapid conversion to sulfate aerosol are plausible, given the exceptional water emission by the 15 January 2022 HTHH eruption.

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The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century

Abstract: A submersible study of the products of a large submarine eruption demonstrates the influence of the ocean on eruption dynamics.

Cited by 91 publications

References 33 publications

Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption

Submarine giant pumice: a window into the shallow conduit dynamics of a recent silicic eruption

Environmental Impact of Silicic Magmatism in Large Igneous Province Events

Out of the blue: volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021-2022 Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai eruptions

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