The Last 15,000 Years: Climate-Controlled and “Rare-Event”-Triggered/Rise and Fall of Holocene Cultures in the Near/Middle East and in Central Europe—Evidence and Background

Schneider, Werner; Salameh, Elias

doi:10.4236/ojg.2015.511065

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…As cited and currently discussed in a former paper [10], (see also Figure 1) in this paper, a comet has had repeatedly crossed the Earth's orbit since 14,300 yr cal. B.P.…”

Section: Major Impacts Super Novae and Cometssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Originally stimulated by the discovery of the meteorite crater Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Eastern Jordanian Desert [6] [7] [8], the authors focused their interest on whether major impact and super-volcanic activity might possibly have initiated climate effects on Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures in the Near/Middle East and in Central Europe as well [9] [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using the Holocene climate data of Majewski et al [1], a surprisingly high coincidence of rapid climate changes (RCC 1 -6) with rise and fall of the relevant cultures becomes obvious. The analytical data are based on the commonly applied gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , SO 2 , NO X ) and isotopes ( 14 C, 18 O, 10 Be) recovered from ice-core samples of Greenland (GRIP, GISP 2), paleontological data, aerosol and impact-events ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3rd-18th Century)

Schneider¹,

Salameh²

2018

OJG

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This paper relates to the statement that the so-called "Little Ice Age" (RCC 6: 1.350-1.800 A.D.) represents-besides the 8k-Event (8.200-8.000 yr cal. B.P.)-the fastest and strongest onset in Holocene History [1]. Its intention focuses on the correlation of interplaying natural processes (i.e. solar energy variation, aerosols, oceanic currents, volcanism as part of plate tectonics, heat flow) with social/political evidence through the time-span of Peoples' Migration until Industrial Revolution (3 rd-18 th Century). The time-span comprises the cool/wet/respectively dry climate phase of the P.M. (260-550), a Climate Optimum (600-1.100 A.D.) owning a final Thermal Maximum (1.100-1.260 A.D.) and the "little Ice Age" (1.350-1.800 A.D.), the latter intercalated by the Spörer Minimum (1.460-1.550 A.D.) and the Maunder Minimum (1.650-1.720 A.D.). Thereby, an average temperature difference of 1.0˚C-2.0˚C seems sufficient for incising climatic/cultural consequences [2]. It has become obvious that a Climate Optimum primarily provides constructive life conditions; however with a problematic final as the following "Effect-Chain" tells: balanced agricultural/cultural population growth → rich harvests → satisfying nourishment → health, encouragement → overpopulation under favorable materialistic conditions → increasing stress → lack of food, high prices → revolts → migration. In contrast, cool/wet/resp. dry conditions originate destructive/depressive conditions (see Peoples' Migration) which initiate the following "Effect Chain": bad agricultural conditions → poor/no harvesting → famine → disease, growing death rate → social, political revolts, wars → human cruelties with psychic/religious background (inquisition, witch-combustion → general chaos (30 yr-war) → death, migration (maritime endeavors, colonization). Furthermore, it should be stressed that volcanic aerosols play besides the solar influx variation-an important role on climate/cultural change [3].

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“…As cited and currently discussed in a former paper [10], (see also Figure 1) in this paper, a comet has had repeatedly crossed the Earth's orbit since 14,300 yr cal. B.P.…”

Section: Major Impacts Super Novae and Cometssupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3rd-18th Century)

Schneider¹,

Salameh²

2018

OJG

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Phanerozoic Quartz Arenite Formation and Sequence-Analytical Patterns: Indirectly Relating to Major Impacting and Super Plume Volcanism, Jordan, Arabian Plate

Schneider¹,

Salameh²

2020

OJG

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This paper deals with indirect effects of major impacting throughout the Early Paleozoic resp. with those of super plume activity during the Early Cretaceous, both applied to the siliciclastic series of Jordan deposited on the Arabian Platform, Arabian Plate. Its focus is mainly directed on gases released by both processes (CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , HCl, HF) and the relating acids, challenged by experiments and microscopic analysis of grain mounts and thin sections that reveal chemical instability of quartz and ultrastable heavy minerals (i.e. tourmaline) under high acidity (pH < 4). Jordan located on the northwestern edge of the stable Arabian Platform between the Arabian-Nubian Shield as source area and the Tethys Seaway, which represented throughout the Phanerozoic a remarkably "sensitive depositional environment" documented by Cruziana Ichnofacies-bearing, even thin pelite layers, intercalating the siliciclastic braid plains/braid plain deltas during the Early Paleozoic resp. by fossil-bearing Tethys incursions during the Early Cretaceous. All quartz arenites (95%-100% quartz) analyzed exhibit an enormous loss of primary mineral assemblages of hinterland source rocks (mainly granite, granodiorite, metamorphics). The heavy mineral composition (zircon, tourmaline, rutile, anatase and brookite) varies to a high extent quantitively across architectural elements, lithofacies and formations at all, reflecting manifold reworking and resedimentation. Tourmaline shows strong progressive "hack sawing" through Cambrian/Lower Ordovician suites; angular and corroded quartz grains contrast the high compositional maturity despite long transport affection. Kaolinite dominates the clay-fraction throughout the Phanerozoic and became transformed to dickite as neoformation and cement replacing quartz! by increasing burial depth below 2000 m (T = 85˚C-90˚C

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The Last 15,000 Years: Climate-Controlled and “Rare-Event”-Triggered/Rise and Fall of Holocene Cultures in the Near/Middle East and in Central Europe—Evidence and Background

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3<sup>rd</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> Century)

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3<sup>rd</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> Century)

Phanerozoic Quartz Arenite Formation and Sequence-Analytical Patterns: Indirectly Relating to Major Impacting and Super Plume Volcanism, Jordan, Arabian Plate

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The Last 15,000 Years: Climate-Controlled and “Rare-Event”-Triggered/Rise and Fall of Holocene Cultures in the Near/Middle East and in Central Europe—Evidence and Background

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;-18&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Century)

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;-18&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Century)

Phanerozoic Quartz Arenite Formation and Sequence-Analytical Patterns: Indirectly Relating to Major Impacting and Super Plume Volcanism, Jordan, Arabian Plate

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Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3<sup>rd</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> Century)

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3<sup>rd</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> Century)