The late cenozoic chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, Northwestern Himalaya

Burbank, Douglas W.; Johnson, Gary D.

doi:10.1016/0031-0182(83)90012-3

Cited by 153 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…12 and 13) reveals blocks that must have fallen in a pre-1868 earthquake. These blocks have been toppled long after the accumulation of Kerewa deposits that here exceed 2 m in thickness (Burbank and Johnson 1983). We show below that the average accumulation rate since 900 AD has been ≈2 mm/year.…”

Section: Payar Temple (33861 • N 749402 • E)mentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The conclusion is countered by the observation from geologists that many of the valley floor sediments are not lacustrine but sub-aerial (e.g. Burbank and Johnson 1983), however, the lower levels bordering the Jhelum are undoubtably flood deposits. The present article focusses on a ninth century flood described in part mythical terms in ancient histories of Kashmir.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The northern edge of the valley is effectively being drowned by the sediments of the Jhelum, as the SE side of the valley rises due to tectonic processes (Burbank and Johnson 1983). The relative elevation changes amount to ≈3 mm/year over the Cenozoic period, which suggests that early temples on the northern side of the valley may have been buried by up to 3.6 m of river sediments since their construction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

Bilham

Bali

2013

Bull Earthquake Eng

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An entry in the Tarikh-i-Hassan records that in 883 AD during the reign of King Avantivarman (855-883) an earthquake in Kashmir triggered a landslide that impounded the River Jhelum and flooded the Kashmir Valley. Kalhana's Rajatarangini provides abundant details about how the ninth century engineer Suyya both cleared the natural dam, drained the valley and instituted numerous irrigation works. We identify the landslide(s) responsible for this Medieval flood and from twentieth century discharge statistics of the Jhelum calculate that it would have taken at least 2 years to flood the Kashmir Valley to near Anantnag. This presents a chronological difficulty, for the causal earthquake could not have occurred in the last 4 months of Avantivarman's rule, and we conclude that it must have occurred much earlier, perhaps before the start of his reign. The flood occurred during a period of widespread temple building using massive uncemented limestone megablocks, capped by monolithic multi-ton roofs. Many of these magnificent temples, now in ruinous condition, are located close to the shores of the inferred Medieval flood level, suggesting that the transport of construction materials for these temples may have been ferried by barge from distant quarries. Historians and archaeologists have attributed the partial collapse of these temples to malicious damage by subsequent occupants of the valley, but the misalignment of blocks at lower levels within each edifice in recent earthquakes suggests that their lateral offsets are the result of jostling during prolonged shaking in historical earthquakes. From the serendipitous entrapment of datable materials beneath fallen blocks from Kashmir's ninth century temples we can, in principle, identify the times of historical earthquakes. We chose the ruined Sugandhesa temple near Patan to test this hypothesis. Preliminary results indicate collapse in the tenth or eleventh century, and significant damage in 1885, with at least one intervening earthquake possibly in the seventieth century.

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Section: Payar Temple (33861 • N 749402 • E)mentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

Bilham

Bali

2013

Bull Earthquake Eng

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“…The Kathmandu and Kashmir valleys are filled with lacustrine sediments rich in fauna, interbedded with lignites that have been dated to the Plio-Pleistocene. The 20°-25° northward tilting of the basin fillings along the southern edge of these valleys suggests they are tectonically ponded basins -or piggy-back basins -resulting from the uplift of the Lesser Himalaya thrust unit to the south (Burbank and Johnson, 1983;Delcaillau, 1992).…”

Section: Major Himalayan Morpho-structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Himalayas: from mountain building to landform evolution in a changing world

Fort¹

2011

Geogr. Pol.

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Abstract:The Himalayas are a living mountain mass, which, in addition to their rocks, landforms and processes, are the homeland of people who must continually adapt to their geodynamically very active, yet inspiring environment. We focus on the Himalayas of Nepal, one of the less developed countries in the world. This paper addresses different issues: mountain landform building, the role of current processes and natural hazards, and their interactions with a changing world, i.e. under the influence of economic development in a context of globalization and climate change.

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“…For quantitative measurements of such landforms or features, mathematical calculations of geomorphic indices are made with the help of topographical maps, digital elevation model, satellite images, aerial photographs and finally field validation. A lot of studies have been carried out in this field to understand the effect of tectonic and surficial processes on the evolution of the landforms [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric and Morphotectonic Analysis of Ferozpur Drainage Basin Left Bank Tributary of River Jhelum of Kashmir Valley, NW Himalayas, India

Lone¹

2017

J Geogr Nat Disast

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The Morphotectonic and morphometric analysis by the use of geomorphic indices and landforms helped us in deciphering the tectonic nature of the Ferozpur watershed. The present study has been carried out to study the tectonic geomorphology of the Ferozpur drainage basin, a left bank tributary of the River Jhelum, located in the Kashmir Himalayas. Various morphometric parameters like stream ordering, stream number, stream length, bifurcation ratio and Morphotectonic parameters like hypsometric integral, basin elongation ratio, drainage basin asymmetry, stream gradient index and river profiling (longitudinal) were calculated using Aster DEM, Toposheets, software's like Glober Mapper and Arc Gis 10.2. Overall assessment of the morphometric and morphotectonic analysis revealed that the tectonic uplift, lithology and climate forcing determine a significant position in the landscape evolution of the Ferozpur drainage basin plus the basin has experienced differential uplift and erosion rates from time to time. Thus, it is hoped that the result from this investigation will aid inference about the tectonic activity and provoke some thoughts about the futuristic ramifications of the geomorphic processes operating in the Ferozpur drainage basin.

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The late cenozoic chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, Northwestern Himalaya

Cited by 153 publications

References 14 publications

A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

A ninth century earthquake-induced landslide and flood in the Kashmir Valley, and earthquake damage to Kashmir’s Medieval temples

The Himalayas: from mountain building to landform evolution in a changing world

Morphometric and Morphotectonic Analysis of Ferozpur Drainage Basin Left Bank Tributary of River Jhelum of Kashmir Valley, NW Himalayas, India

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