The latencies of correct and incorrect responses in discrimination and detection tasks: Their interpretation in terms of a model based on simple counting

Pike, A. R.

doi:10.3758/bf03208951

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Specifically, according to the semantic coding view, as previously stated, stimulus-code translation occurs after the discrimination is performed. Although the discrimination time for errors is typically longer than for correct responses when conditions emphasize accuracy (see, e.g., Petrusic & Jamieson, 1989;Pike, 1971), the code translation component, which accounts for the congruity effect, is supposedly a constant time increment. Moreover, since errors can also occur as a consequence of the failure to translate codes and thereby reduce the semantic congruity effect's magnitude, the overall congruity effect for error responses cannot be larger than for correct responses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic congruity effects in perceptual comparisons

Petrusic

Baranski

1989

Perception & Psychophysics

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Semantic congruity effects occur when, as in Experiment 1, for example, the time to select the shorter of two relatively short lines is faster than the time to select the longer; conversely, selection of the longer of two relatively long lines is faster than selection of the shorter. Semantic congruity effects are also demonstrated in experiments requiring comparisons of the heaviness of weights (Experiment 2) and horizontal extent (Experiment 3). In Experiment 1, the magnitude of the semantic congruity effect was larger under conditions emphasizing accuracy rather than speed and when the comparison was difficult. In fact, when comparisons were errorless, the effect was minimal (20 msec), thereby replicating previous failures to obtain the effect with supraliminal perceptual comparisons (Banks, Mermelstein, & Yu, 1982; Marschark & Paivio, 1981; Petrusic & Baranski, 1988a). In confirmation of Henmon's (1911) introspective analyses of psychophysical comparisons, Experiments 2 and 3 extend the range of the semantic congruity effect to include judgments of confidence. However, in each of the three experiments, semantic congruity effects were not evident with the response-accuracy measure. Finally, using highly confusable stimuli, in Experiment 3 the magnitude of the semantic congruity effect was shown to be larger for error than for correct response times. The implications of these findings for a decisional locus of the effect and for the semantic coding theory are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic congruity effects in perceptual comparisons

Petrusic

Baranski

1989

Perception & Psychophysics

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“….05], confirming an RT difficulty effect under accuracy stress but not under speed stress. Finally, the interaction between group and correct and error RTs was reliable [F(1,8) = 20.17, p < .003] because, as is typically the case in psychophysical comparison tasks, error times were longer than correct times under accuracy stress but were approximately equal to correct times under speed stress (for reviews, see Luce, 1986;Petrusic, 1992;Pike, 1968Pike, , 1971Vickers, 1979).…”

Section: Accuracy Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, Murdock and Dufty (1972) showed that, contrary to empirical results, strength theory predicts smaller RT variability for errors than for correct responses. Second, strength theory predicts that error RTs will always be longer than correct RTs (e.g., Coombs, 1964;Petrusic & Jamieson, 1978;Pike, 1973;Vickers, 1979), a prediction which is easily disconfirmed under conditions emphasizing speeded responding (e.g., Experiment 1) where error RTs are typically either the same as or faster than correct RTs (see Luce, 1986;Petrusic, 1992;Pike, 1971;Vickers, 1979).…”

Section: Decision Times and Calibration Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments

Baranski¹,

Petrusic

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

300

265

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Confidence rating based calibration and resolution indices were obtained in two experiments requiring perceptual comparisons and in a third with visual gap detection. Four important results were obtained. First, as in the general knowledge domain, subjects were underconfident when judgments were easy and overconfident when they were difficult. Second, paralleling the clear dependence of calibration on decisional difficulty, resolution decreased with increases in decision difficulty arising either from decreases in discriminability or from increasing demands for speed at the expense of accuracy. Third, providing trial-by-trial response feedback on difficult tasks improved resolution but had no effect on calibration. Fourth, subjects can accurately report subjective errors (i.e., trials in which they have indicated that they made an error) with their confidence ratings. It is also shown that the properties of decision time, conditionalized on confidence category, impose a rigorous set of constraints on theories of confidence calibration.

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“…Independent accumulator models accumulate information pertaining to the corresponding alternative with zero consultation of other accumulation occurring in the decision process (Brown & Heathcote, 2008;LaBerge, 1962;Merkle & Van Zandt, 2006;Pike, 1971;Rouder, Province, Morey, Gomez, & Heathcote, 2015;Vickers, 1970). Importantly, as illustrated in the right panel of Figure 1, the evidence accumulation process of one accumulator does not explicitly depend on the state of the other accumulator.…”

Section: Extant Theories About Evidence Accumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equal evidence perceptual tasks suggest key role for interactive competition in decision-making

Kirkpatrick¹,

Turner²,

Sederberg³

2019

Preprint

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The dynamics of decision-making have been widely studied over the past several decades through the lens of an overarching theory called sequential sampling theory (SST). Within SST, choices are represented as accumulators, each of which races toward a decision boundary by drawing stochastic samples of evidence through time. Although progress has been made in understanding how decisionsare made within the SST framework, considerable debate centers on whether the accumulators exhibit dependency during the evidence accumulation process; namely whether accumulators are independent, fully dependent, or partially dependent. To evaluate which type of dependency is the most plausible representation of human decision-making, we applied a novel twist on two classic perceptual tasks; namely, in addition to the classic paradigm (i.e., the unequal-evidence conditions), we used stimuli that provided different magnitudes of equal-evidence (i.e., the equal-evidence conditions). In equal-evidence conditions, response times systematically decreased with increases in the magnitude of evidence, whereas in unequal evidence conditions, response times systematically increased as the difference in evidence between the two alternatives decreased. We designed a spectrum of models that ranged from independent accumulation to fully dependent accumulation, while also examining the effects of within-trial and between-trial variability. We then fit the set of models to our two experiments and found that models instantiating the principles of partial dependency provided the best fit to the data. Our results further suggest that mechanisms inducing partial dependency, such as lateral inhibition, are beneficial for understanding complex decision-making dynamics, even when the task is relatively simple.

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The latencies of correct and incorrect responses in discrimination and detection tasks: Their interpretation in terms of a model based on simple counting

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Semantic congruity effects in perceptual comparisons

Semantic congruity effects in perceptual comparisons

The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments

Equal evidence perceptual tasks suggest key role for interactive competition in decision-making

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