The laws of emotion.

Frijda, Nico H.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.5.349

Cited by 1,773 publications

(1,310 citation statements)

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“…Darwin famously included postural descriptions in The expression of the emotions in man and animals (Darwin 1872(Darwin /1965, and James (1890) investigated recognition of emotion with photographs of whole-body posture. More recently, theoreticians of emotion like Frijda (1988) and later Tomkins (1995) stressed the intimate link between emotion and action and were thus naturally led to emphasize the importance of the body. The fact that bodily expressions never occupied centre stage in emotion research may have been related to scepticism among observers that has its roots not so much in theory as in empirical results dating from the first generation of investigations of whole-body stimuli.…”

Section: Bodily Expressions Are Recognized As Reliably As Facial Exprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience

Gelder

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

376

251

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Why bodies? It is rather puzzling that given the massive interest in affective neuroscience in the last decade, it still seems to make sense to raise the question 'Why bodies' and to try to provide an answer to it, as is the goal of this article. There are now hundreds of articles on human emotion perception ranging from behavioural studies to brain imaging experiments. These experimental studies complement decades of reports on affective disorders in neurological patients and clinical studies of psychiatric populations. The most cursory glance at the literature on emotion in humans, now referred to by the umbrella term of social and affective neuroscience, shows that over 95 per cent of them have used faces as stimuli. Of the remaining 5 per cent, a few have used scenes or auditory information including human voices, music or environmental sounds. But by far the smallest number has looked into whole-body expressions. As a rough estimate, a search on PubMed today, 1 May 2009, yields 3521 hits for emotion Â faces, 1003 hits for emotion Â music and 339 hits for emotion Â bodies. When looking in more detail, the body Â emotion category in fact yields a majority of papers on well-being, nursing, sexual violence or organ donation. But the number of cognitive and affective neuroscience studies of emotional body perception as of today is lower than 20.Why then have whole bodies and bodily expressions not attracted the attention of researchers so far? The goal of this article is to contribute some elements for an answer to this question. I believe that there is something to learn from the historical neglect of bodies and bodily expressions. I will next address some historical misconceptions about whole-body perception, and in the process I intend not only to provide an impetus for this kind of work but also to contribute to a better understanding of the significance of the affective dimension of behaviour, mind and brain as seen from the vantage point of bodily communication. Subsequent sections discuss available evidence for the neurofunctional basis of facial and bodily expressions as well as neuropsychological and clinical studies of bodily expressions.

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Section: Bodily Expressions Are Recognized As Reliably As Facial Exprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience

Gelder

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

376

251

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“…Appraisal theory (e.g., Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003;Frijda, 1988Frijda, , 2005 of emotions has proved important in examining emotions in academic settings. The attributional appraisal perspective to emotions, especially, focuses on how specific emotions such as sadness and anger are elicited, and on the motivational functions they serve in a certain achievement condition (Weiner, 2002(Weiner, , 2006.…”

Section: Attributions and Emotions For Academic Achievementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Students’ School Performance in Language and Mathematics: Effects of Hope on Attributions, Emotions and Performance Expectations

Στεφάνου

2012

IJPS

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This study examined (a) students' (n= 342, both genders, grades 5 and 6) attributions and emotions for their subjectively perceived school performance in language and mathematics as successful or unsuccessful, (b) the role of students' hope (pathways thinking, agency thinking) in the: perceived performance in the above school subjects as successful or unsuccessful, subsequent attributions and emotions, impact of attributions on emotions, and,in turn,interactive effect on performance expectations. The estimated as successful and unsuccessful school performance was predominately attributed to stable and unstable (external in language) factors, respectively. The students experienced intense positive and moderate negative emotions for the perceived successful and unsuccessful school performance, respectively. Hope (mainly, agency thinking) positively influenced the attributions (particularly, stability) and emotions (mainly, pathway thinking), and the impact of attributions on emotions, mainly in unsuccessful performance in mathematics. Hope, attributions and emotions had unique and complimentarily effect on performance expectations.

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“…H. Frank, 1988;Trivers, 1971). Because emotions have the function of motivating behavior (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000;Frijda, 1988;Panksepp, 1998;Scherer, 1984), knowing about someone's emotional state is useful because it allows reliable predictions of the sender's intentions and future actions. This also implies that the greater control over facial expressions-which is observed in other ape species, too (Sherwood et al, 2003)-can be used strategically to manipulate receivers in everyday social interactions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reliable facial muscle activation enhances recognizability and credibility of emotional expression.

Méhu

Mortillaro

Bänziger

et al. 2012

Emotion

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We tested Ekman's (2003) suggestion that movements of a small number of reliable facial muscles are particularly trustworthy cues to experienced emotion because they tend to be difficult to produce voluntarily. On the basis of theoretical predictions, we identified two subsets of facial action units (AUs): reliable AUs and versatile AUs. A survey on the controllability of facial AUs confirmed that reliable AUs indeed seem more difficult to control than versatile AUs, although the distinction between the two sets of AUs should be understood as a difference in degree of controllability rather than a discrete categorization. Professional actors enacted a series of emotional states using method acting techniques, and their facial expressions were rated by independent judges. The effect of the two subsets of AUs (reliable AUs and versatile AUs) on identification of the emotion conveyed, its perceived authenticity, and perceived intensity was investigated. Activation of the reliable AUs had a stronger effect than that of versatile AUs on the identification, perceived authenticity, and perceived intensity of the emotion expressed. We found little evidence, however, for specific links between individual AUs and particular emotion categories. We conclude that reliable AUs may indeed convey trustworthy information about emotional processes but that most of these AUs are likely to be shared by several emotions rather than providing information about specific emotions. This study also suggests that the issue of reliable facial muscles may generalize beyond the Duchenne smile.

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The laws of emotion.

Cited by 1,773 publications

References 30 publications

Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience

Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience

Students’ School Performance in Language and Mathematics: Effects of Hope on Attributions, Emotions and Performance Expectations

Reliable facial muscle activation enhances recognizability and credibility of emotional expression.

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