The lead and lead-acid battery industries during 2002 and 2007 in China

Management of used lead acid battery in China: Secondary lead industry progress, policies and problems

“…The secondary lead industry started from the 1950s in China with independent professional plants established after 1978 (Chen et al, 2009). In 1978, the annual secondary lead production was only 18.6 kton and accounted for 12.8% of total production.…”

“…In 2013, the annual output of waste electric bicycle batteries was about 20 kton in Beijing and 60% of this was flowed into small plants. The amount of waste lead-acid batteries in Shanghai was about more than 80 kton and the legitimate collection rate was less than 10% (Chen et al, 2009;USGS, 2006).…”

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

“…An increasing number of enterprises in China have begun to produce secondary lead using spent lead acid batteries (LAB) as raw materials. However, the proportion of secondary lead production was only 30% of the total lead production in 2013 and is estimated to reach 44% in 2015 and 60% in 2028 [1,2]. There are great opportunities for the secondary lead recycling industry, due to a number of economic and environmental concerns arising from outdated technologies, such as the pyro-metallurgical and hydro-electrometallurgical processes [3,4].…”

Performance investigation and analysis of market-oriented low-speed electric vehicles in China

“…However, the disadvantages of LABs are also obvious, including a low specific energy of approximately 35 Wh/kg and a limited lifetime of between three and five years (Gerssen-Gondelach and Faaij, 2012). Serious environmental issues are also a particular concern with LAB manufacturing, and the limited profit margins of LABs have resulted in the closure of many plants in recent years (Chen et al, 2009). The potential rise in lead prices and the production of pollution are further increasing the costs of using LABs.…”