The Learning Advantages of an External Focus of Attention in Golf

Wulf, Gabriele; Lauterbach, Barbara; Toole, Tonya

doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608029

Cited by 323 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Consequently, the question of how to best train an individual remains unclear. Motor learning theory indicates that the way in which visual feedback variables are selected and presented are most critical to skill acquisition, performance, and retention (29)(30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand Rim Wheelchair Propulsion Training Using Biomechanical Real-Time Visual Feedback Based on Motor Learning Theory Principles

Rice

Gagnon

Gallagher

et al. 2010

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Background/Objective: As considerable progress has been made in laboratory-based assessment of manual wheelchair propulsion biomechanics, the necessity to translate this knowledge into new clinical tools and treatment programs becomes imperative. The objective of this study was to describe the development of a manual wheelchair propulsion training program aimed to promote the development of an efficient propulsion technique among long-term manual wheelchair users. Methods: Motor learning theory principles were applied to the design of biomechanical feedback-based learning software, which allows for random discontinuous real-time visual presentation of key spatiotemporal and kinetic parameters. This software was used to train a long-term wheelchair user on a dynamometer during 3 low-intensity wheelchair propulsion training sessions over a 3-week period. Biomechanical measures were recorded with a SmartWheel during over ground propulsion on a 50-m level tile surface at baseline and 3 months after baseline. Results: Training software was refined and administered to a participant who was able to improve his propulsion technique by increasing contact angle while simultaneously reducing stroke cadence, mean resultant force, peak and mean moment out of plane, and peak rate of rise of force applied to the pushrim after training. Conclusions:The proposed propulsion training protocol may lead to favorable changes in manual wheelchair propulsion technique. These changes could limit or prevent upper limb injuries among manual wheelchair users. In addition, many of the motor learning theory-based techniques examined in this study could be applied to training individuals in various stages of rehabilitation to optimize propulsion early on.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand Rim Wheelchair Propulsion Training Using Biomechanical Real-Time Visual Feedback Based on Motor Learning Theory Principles

Rice

Gagnon

Gallagher

et al. 2010

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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“…External focused coaching points have been shown to aid the learning process (Wulf, 2007;Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Schiller, & Ávila, 2010;Wulf, Lauterbach, & Toole, 1999;Wulf, Mcconnel, Gärtner, & Schwarz, 2002). In addition to this, the PPR and POST demonstrate the control of rhythm within the shots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery

Callaway

Wiedlack

Heller

2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal phases of the archery shot cycle that distinguish the arrows distance from centre, in an attempt to understand critical factors that affect performance. Fifteen archers of varying ability each performed 30 shots at 18m. Fourteen potential predictor variables were measured for statistical modeling by stepwise multiple linear regression.The results show that pre-shot time (pre-performance routine), release time

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“…Eight studies compared the learning effects of altering the attention of golf practice session (see Table 1). These studies assessed the effect of implicit versus explicit learning (Bright & Freedman, 1998;Hardy, Mullen, & Jones, 1996;Kavussanu, Morris, & Ring, 2009;Masters, 1992;Maxwell, Masters, & Eves, 2000;Poolton, Masters, & Maxwell, 2005) or internal versus external focus of attention (Poolton, Maxwell, Masters, & Raab, 2006;Wulf, Lauterbach, & Toole, 1999) on golf performance.…”

Section: Attention During Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two studies (Poolton, et al, 2006;Wulf, et al, 1999) that compared the learning effect of an internal versus external focus of attention on golf performance both involved novice golfers, a one day acquisition phase and had 21 the retention and/or transfer tests on either the acquisition day or one day later. Wulf et al (1999) reported that the external focus of attention group was significantly more accurate during the chipping tasks than the internal focus of attention group during retention. Poolton et al (2006) also reported that the external focus of attention group significantly improved their putting accuracy during transfer testing, while the internal focus of attention group experienced a reduction in performance.…”

Section: Internal Versus External Focus Of Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for biomechanics and motor learning research improving golf performance

Keogh

Hume

2012

Sports Biomechanics

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This review sought to determine the evidence for how biomechanics and motor control/learning may improve golf performance. To be eligible, the biomechanics and motor learning studies had to use direct (ball displacement, shot accuracy) or indirect (clubhead velocity, clubface angle) golf performance outcome measures. Biomechanical studies suggested that reducing the radius path of the hands during the downswing, increasing wrist torque and/or range of motion, delaying wrist motion to late in the downswing, increasing downswing amplitude, improving sequential acceleration of body parts, improving weight transfer and utilising X-factor stretch and physical conditioning programmes can improve clubhead velocity. Motor learning studies suggested golf performance improved more when golfers focused on swing outcome or clubhead movement rather than specific body movements. A distributed practice approach involving multiple sessions per week of blocked, errorless practice may be best for improving putting accuracy of novice golfers, although variable practice may be better for skilled golfers. Video, verbal, or a combination of video and verbal feedback can increase mid-short iron distance in novice to mid-handicap (hcp) golfers. Coaches should continue to critique swing technique but also consider how the focus, structure and types of feedback for practice may alter learning for different groups of golfers.

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The Learning Advantages of an External Focus of Attention in Golf

Cited by 323 publications

References 18 publications

Hand Rim Wheelchair Propulsion Training Using Biomechanical Real-Time Visual Feedback Based on Motor Learning Theory Principles

Hand Rim Wheelchair Propulsion Training Using Biomechanical Real-Time Visual Feedback Based on Motor Learning Theory Principles

Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery

Evidence for biomechanics and motor learning research improving golf performance

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