The left renal vein: A major collateral system

Satyapal, K. S.; Kalideen, J. M.

doi:10.1002/ca.980070607

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The left renal vein is a site of variable anastomoses with the gonadal, ureteric, ALV, HAV and lumbar veins, allowing communication back to the deep collateral system. There is often a direct anastomosis between the left renal vein and the azygos system via the second lumbar vein (Monkhouse and Khalique, ; Golub et al, ; Satyapal and Kalideen, ). Satyapal and Kalideen () performed venograms on fifteen cadaveric kidney specimens where contrast was injected into the renal veins and the IVC was manually occluded.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is often a direct anastomosis between the left renal vein and the azygos system via the second lumbar vein (Monkhouse and Khalique, ; Golub et al, ; Satyapal and Kalideen, ). Satyapal and Kalideen () performed venograms on fifteen cadaveric kidney specimens where contrast was injected into the renal veins and the IVC was manually occluded. On the left side the lumbar veins, the ALV and VVP provided immediate caudal flow while the HAV and VVP provided cranial flow, indicating sufficient anastomoses to connect the two systems.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature

2017

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Recent literature has reported an association between maternal supine sleep position and stillbirth during late pregnancy. In this position the gravid uterus almost completely obstructs the inferior vena cava. A small number of women experience supine hypotension, thought to be due in part to inadequate collateral venous circulation. The aim of this paper is to review the literature describing the anatomy of the collateral venous system and in particular the azygos system, the abdominal portion of which has not been well studied. A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant anatomical and radiological literature concerning the azygos system in particular was reviewed. The search was limited to adult human studies only. The collateral venous system can be divided into superficial, intermediate and deep systems. The azygos system in particular provides immediate collateral venous circulation in the event of acute inferior vena caval obstruction. The abdominal portion of this pathway, including the ascending lumbar vein, has not been well studied and there are certain variations that can render it ineffective. In conclusion, the collateral venous system provides an alternative route for blood to flow back to the systemic circulation when acute occlusion of the inferior vena cava occurs in the supine position during late pregnancy. However, certain anatomical variations can render this pathway ineffective, and this could have implications for the development of supine hypotension and stillbirth in late pregnancy. Clin. Anat. 30:1087-1095, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature

2017

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The effect of positioning on maternal anatomy and hemodynamics during late pregnancy

et al. 2020

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IntroductionSupine positioning during late pregnancy causes dramatic compression of maternal abdominal vasculature and is a risk factor for stillbirth. The azygos vein has been shown to provide collateral circulation in this scenario. There are many well‐known anatomical differences in abdominal vasculature between the left and right sides of the body. However, the effect of left and right positioning in pregnancy has not been well studied.Materials and MethodsAfter obtaining ethics approval, 10 women with uncomplicated pregnancies between 34 and 38 weeks gestation underwent magnetic resonance imaging in the left and right lateral positions. Phase contrast images were evaluated to measure blood flow through the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and azygos vein.ResultsNo significant differences between left and right lateral positions were found in blood flow through the IVC at its formation (mean difference −0.15 L/min [CI −0.47, 0.18], p = .34) or through the azygos vein (mean difference 0.02 L/min [CI −0.22, 0.26], p = .87). Blood flow through the IVC just above the level of the renal veins was found to be reduced by 35% in the right lateral position when compared to the left (mean difference 1.01 L/min [CI 0.25, 1.43], p = .03). There were no significant differences in cardiac output or blood flow through the abdominal aorta.ConclusionsWhile it was noted that blood flow through the IVC immediately above the level of the renal veins was reduced in the right lateral position, this did not appear to impact significantly on maternal cardiac output or blood flow through the azygos vein.

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Configuration of the extra-renal venous system in relation to the left renal vein: A cadaveric study and new proposed classification

et al. 2020

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The left renal vein: A major collateral system

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature

The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature

The effect of positioning on maternal anatomy and hemodynamics during late pregnancy

Configuration of the extra-renal venous system in relation to the left renal vein: A cadaveric study and new proposed classification

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