The legal and organizational basis of ensuring safety of sports activities in Hungary

Rakhmanova, E. N.; Tihanyi, Miklós; Mátyás, Szabolcs

doi:10.21638/spbu14.2022.311

Cited by 2 publications

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“…В ситуации строгой ответственности клубов приведенное разграничение приобретает особое значение. Можно констатировать, что в европейских клубных соревнованиях основные обязанности по профилактике поведения болельщиков (как работе с ними, а не только осуществлении мер безопасности и поддержания порядка до, во время и после спортивного мероприятия) переданы клубам-участникам (что в целом соответствует и отдельным национальным концепциям обеспечения безопасности на спортивных соревнованиях) [8].…”

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“…Цели любой спортивной санкции, применяемой к клубам, видятся комплексными, не ограничивающимися негативным, карательным воздействием по принципу «чем выше опасность, тем более жесткая реакция». 8 Arbitration CAS 2017/A/5299 Olympique Lyonnais v. Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA), award of 10 August 2018, para. 142.…”

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“…В спортивной юриспруденции видится логичным прогнозировать не только частную, но и общую превенции. Правда, даже CAS склонен акцентировать внимание только на частном измерении: «…целью дисциплинарных санкций является, в частности, устранение причиненного вреда и предотвращение повторения определенных нарушений, то есть побуждение клуба к выполнению своих обязательств и оказание влияния на поведение его болельщиков» 8 . При этом превентивное воздействие в теории права называется как двухэлементное, включающее частное и общее измерения [10, с.…”

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Aims of disciplinary sanctions for the spectators’ behavior: controversial UEFA practice concerning football clubs

Vasilyev

2023

Law Enforcement Review

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The subject. The objectives of strict club liability for spectators’ behavior are not mentioned in the provisions of the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations. Strict liability implies the responsibility of clubs, regardless of the presence of fault for the actions of third parties – their spectators. Therefore, the question of the purpose of sanctions acquires additional actuality: a sanction cannot only have a punitive effect in the absence of the subject’s fault.The purpose of the study. The variety of sporting sanctions and the wide range of their application creates risks of excessive coercion against football clubs. It is necessary to consider the preventive and deterrent purposes of sports sanctions, without which sports liability is deprived of the sign of certainty for the subjects of sport and turns into the arbitrariness of the soccer authorities.Methodology. In an attempt to find references to sanctions targets under strict liability we analyzed the available practice of the UEFA bodies from 2013 to 2021 (a massive of several hundred decisions of the UEFA Control, Disciplinary and Ethics Commission, the UEFA Appeals Commission). Due to the dispute resolution system existing in European football our research could not be carried out without referring to the decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) for the period 2002-2020.The main results of research and the field of their application. A serious obstacle to the consistent practice of disputes about the responsibility of clubs for the behavior of spectators is the ambiguity of the terminology used and the doctrinal approaches of law enforcement officers. In decisions we can come across a mention of a preventive effect; preventive and deterrent effect; preventive and educational effect of sanctions. The study found that the current sports justice’s practice of applying strict liability to football clubs has two main problems. Firstly, the UEFA bodies have not established an understanding of who is the subject of the focus of the sanctions. In the disputes examined, two target audiences for sanctions under strict liability are named: clubs and spectators. Secondly, different disputes have emphasized different goals of sports sanctions. The combined approach has not yet been formulated. We have tried to fix these problems.Conclusions. The goals of strict liability and applied sports sanctions in the UEFA perimeter should not differ: preventive and deterrent, and only in the last – punitive. The need for an unambiguous choice of the football entity targeted by sports sanctions will be the first step to take into account the set of aims of the sports sanctions applied to clubs: preventive, deterrent and punitive. Despite decades of UEFA practice in the application of strict liability, there is still uncertainty as to how a sanction will have the expected effect on the spectators. Limiting UEFA to private prevention in determining the sanction and its size in club competitions does not fully fulfill the mission of sports justice. Even if the sanctions imposed on clubs under strict liability have not been verified by a UEFA jurisdictional body to take into account a set of objectives, CAS is entitled to carry out such verification. An additional difficulty arises due to the ambiguity of terminology (and ideology) regarding the objectives of sanctions in sports justice’s practice.

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Aims of disciplinary sanctions for the spectators’ behavior: controversial UEFA practice concerning football clubs

Vasilyev

2023

Law Enforcement Review

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Waiver to apply the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the resolution of disputes in the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

Vasilyev

2024

Law Enforcement Review

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The subject. Sports legal relations, as having a private legal nature, and assuming “horizontal” inter-subject relations by default, do not imply the extension to them the guarantees provided by international acts in the field of human rights protection in order to protect the individual in “vertical” interaction with public subjects. However, this doctrinal approach is still questioned by sports actors, who make attempts to refute it through the involvement of certain norms of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) (Articles 6 and 8, mostly) as arguments in sports disputes. An additional incentive for this is the location of international and continental sports federations, their jurisdictional bodies and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in the national legal orders that recognize the application of the mentioned ECHR.The purpose of the study. The prospects of arguments in the resolution of sports disputes based on the requirements of the literal use of the norms of the ECHR are considered in this article.Methodology. Methods of analysis and comparison based on the CAS practice.The main results of research and the field of their application. The use of only certain meanings of part 1 of Article 6 of the ECHR in sports justice is forced to be taken into account by CAS due to the prospect of appealing decisions to the Swiss Federal Tribunal.Conclusions. The norms of the ECHR generally do not apply in sports justice.

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The legal and organizational basis of ensuring safety of sports activities in Hungary

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Aims of disciplinary sanctions for the spectators’ behavior: controversial UEFA practice concerning football clubs

Aims of disciplinary sanctions for the spectators’ behavior: controversial UEFA practice concerning football clubs

Waiver to apply the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the resolution of disputes in the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

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