The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses

Ashford, R. W.

doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00136-3

Cited by 483 publications

(430 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The evolutionary history of L. infantum implies there must have been a sylvatic cycle in the Old World, since L. infantum diverged from L. donovani around 1 Mya, well before the domestication of dogs around 15 000 years ago. This ancestral reservoir is often assumed to be a wild canid, though rodents have also been suggested (Ashford, 2000). In the New World there may be no primary sylvatic reservoir, as genetic evidence supports a recent introduction of L. infantum to Latin America (Mauricio et al 2000).…”

Section: Other Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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S U M M A R YZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection ; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals ; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

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Section: Other Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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“…The parasite exists in distinct morphologic forms in the hosts. The promastigote, a flagellated extracellular form, is found in the sand fly vector host, whereas the amastigotes, an unflagellated intracellular parasite, is commonly found in macrophages of mammalian host tissue (Grimaldi et al, 1989;Ashford, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatic granulomas in canine visceral leishmaniasis and clinical status

Sant'Ana¹,

Lima²,

Oliveira

et al. 2007

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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The histopathological description of intralobular hepatic granulomas in animals with a defined clinical status (asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic animals) was reported. Seventy-one mongrel dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi were obtained from two Brazilian endemic areas: João Pessoa, PB and Belo Horizonte, MG. The hepatic parasite load was determined and compared to granuloma formation. Liver fragments from all infected animals showed remarkable leishmaniotic granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Granulomas with variable size were constituted by macrophages (parasitized or not with amastigotes of L. chagasi), some epithelioid cells, small numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and rare neutrophils. Asymptomatic dogs had higher numbers of granulomas than oligosymptomatic and symptomatic animals from both geographical regions. However, the average diametric size of granulomas was very heterogeneous in all groups, independently of the geographic region (P>0.05). Parasite tissue load did not show any difference among liver fragments of all animals, especially when considering the defined clinical status and/or their geographic origin.

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“…During the last 20 years or so we have seen an increase in the number of cases of all forms of leishmaniasis throughout the world and this has led to it being considered by many experts as an emergent disease in some areas and in others as a re-emergent one (Ashford 2000). Attention has been drawn to many factors that contribute to the expansion of the leishmaniases and Dujardin (2006) considered that environmental changes, immune status, and treatment failure constituted the three major risk factors responsible for the emergence, remergence, and spread of the disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

[No Title Available]

Shaw¹

2007

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses

Cited by 483 publications

References 26 publications

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Hepatic granulomas in canine visceral leishmaniasis and clinical status

[No Title Available]

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