The leishmanicidal activity of essential oils: A systematic review

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is the neglected disease among parasitic diseases with an increasing rate of infections. Recently, numerous studies have been conducted on the leishmanicidal properties of various essential oils (EOs). In this resarch, literature have been systematically reviewed, from 20 years ago, and required information have been extracted. Overally, leishmanicidal effects of ~ 180 EOs against promastigotes of nine species of Leishmania have been documented. Inhibitory concentrations 50% (IC50) of around 30 essential oils were less than 10 µg.mL-1. Essential oils of Tetradenia riparia, Nectandra hihua, and Thymus hirtus with IC50s of 0.01, 0.20, and 0.25 µg.mL-1 against Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania major respectively, were identified as the most effective essential oils. Furthermore, IC50 of Thymus hirtus on Leishmania infantum was 0.43 µg.mL-1. Frequently, substantial differences were found between the observed IC50s of one essential oil against promastigotes of different species of Leishmania. It can be concluded that the leishmanicidal activity of essential oils is selective. Turning to the results, the combination of essential oils for the design of multifunctional drugs can lead to excellent outcomes. Interestingly, the results have been classified by promastigote species, so this would be a valuable benchmark for researchers.

Nanoemulsion and Nanogel Containing Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil; Larvicidal Activity and Antibacterial Properties

“…The development of natural medicine and insecticides is thus crucial. EOs with a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antilarval effects are a great source for this purpose [ 38 , 39 ]. However, their efficacy and stability should be improved for practical application.…”

Nanoemulsion and Nanogel Containing Cuminum cyminum L Essential Oil: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Antilarval Properties

“…Due to drug resistance and environmental pollution, there have been many attempts to develop plant-based medicines and insecticides [ 10 , 11 ]. Essential oils (EOs) are volatile oils secreted as secondary metabolites from various parts (e.g., seeds, bark, rhizomes, and flowers) of aromatic plants [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Studying the microbial, chemical, and sensory characteristics of shrimp coated with alginate sodium nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora and Cuminum cyminum essential oils

“…Essential oils (EOs) are natural ingredients added to food products as flavoring, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents (Noorpisheh Ghadimi et al, 2020 ). The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of EOs concerning food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms have been proven by several studies (Abbasi et al, 2021 ; Hajlaoui et al, 2010 ; Mojaddar Langroodi et al, 2021 ; Moosavi‐Nasab et al, 2016 ).…”