The Leptospiroses in Italy

Active Case Finding for Communicable Diseases in Prison Settings: Increasing Testing Coverage and Uptake Among the Prison Population in the European Union/European Economic Area

“…Offering a test upon entry into prison was the modality most frequently reported for HCV ( n = 9 studies) ( 11 , 13 , 42 – 45 ), HIV ( n = 18 studies) ( 13 , 36 , 42 , 44 , 46 – 53 ), syphilis ( n = 5 studies) ( 43 , 46 , 54 – 56 ), and active TB ( n = 4 studies) ( 57 – 59 ). Testing offered at entry and regularly during stay was reported for HIV ( n = 10 studies) ( 43 , 60 – 68 ), HCV ( n = 2 studies) ( 63 , 69 ), active TB ( n = 2 studies) ( 70 , 71 ), and LTBI ( n = 3 studies) ( 71 – 73 ). Testing for people while in prison was most commonly reported for HBV ( n = 4 studies) ( 61 , 62 , 74 , 75 ), chlamydia and gonorrhea ( n = 5 studies) ( 29 , 30 , 76 – 78 ), and LTBI ( n = 6 studies) ( 61 , 75 , 79 – 82 ).…”

“…Testing offered at entry and regularly during stay was reported for HIV ( n = 10 studies) ( 43 , 60 – 68 ), HCV ( n = 2 studies) ( 63 , 69 ), active TB ( n = 2 studies) ( 70 , 71 ), and LTBI ( n = 3 studies) ( 71 – 73 ). Testing for people while in prison was most commonly reported for HBV ( n = 4 studies) ( 61 , 62 , 74 , 75 ), chlamydia and gonorrhea ( n = 5 studies) ( 29 , 30 , 76 – 78 ), and LTBI ( n = 6 studies) ( 61 , 75 , 79 – 82 ). Testing at release was reported by 1 multidisease study ( 83 ) on mandatory testing and 2 additional studies reporting on HIV only ( 44 , 84 ).…”

“…The proportion of the eligible individuals undergoing testing (uptake) was reported by most of the studies in which active case finding initiatives in prison settings were reported, with some exceptions ( 11 , 13 , 29 , 30 , 46 , 50 , 61 , 65 – 68 , 72 , 74 , 76 , 83 ). The uptake varied considerably across diseases and testing modalities, with no clear patterns (Tables 1 – 3 , Figure 3 ).…”

“…Relatively few studies investigated the effect of different active case finding interventions to increase testing uptake in prison settings. Most ( n = 9 studies) were focused on HIV active case finding ( 13 , 28 , 36 , 46 , 62 , 75 , 97 ), 5 on viral hepatitis ( 27 , 35 , 45 , 62 , 75 ), 4 on chlamydia and gonorrhea ( 29 , 31 , 86 , 87 ), 1 each on syphilis ( 75 ) and trichomoniasis ( 88 ), 2 on TB ( 58 , 98 ), and 2 involved a multidisease approach ( 62 , 75 ) ( Web Appendix 6, Web Tables 5–12 ).…”

“…The influence of educational interventions, including peer-education programs, on test uptake for HIV was investigated in 5 studies ( 28 , 36 , 46 , 62 , 75 ). Of these, 2 also included HBV and HCV ( 62 , 76 ), 2 also included STIs ( 46 , 75 ), and 1 study also included TB ( 75 ). An increase in testing uptake for all covered diseases after the introduction of an education intervention was reported in 4 studies, of which 2 were performed in the EU/EEA.…”