The level of depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in pregnancy during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the mental health and sleep quality of pregnant women in different trimesters during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and investigate the effect of quarantine and new lifestyle changes that come into our lives with pandemic with on this subject. Methods: It was conducted on pregnant women (n = 149) who attended routine pregnancy prenatal visit during their pregnancy weeks. The data were collected using sociodemographic and clinical data form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to evaluate sleep quality, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) to evaluate maternal depression and anxiety. Results: A significant correlation was observed between the week of gestation and depression, anxiety, and defective sleep scores (p < 0.001). A moderate positive correlation was found between the week of gestation and depression (r: 0.628). A high level of positive correlation was found between the week of gestation and defective sleep quality and anxiety scores (r: 0.858, r: 0.754). A statistically significant increase in depression, anxiety, and defective sleep quality was found in the group staying in home quarantine (p = 0.002). Conclusion:This study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic can cause depression, anxiety, and serious sleep disorders in pregnant women. The depression and anxiety scores of pregnant women in home quarantine were also found to be higher than the group not in quarantine. As the week of gestation progresses, mental health symptoms worsen and sleep quality deteriorates.

Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Pregnant Women in Jeddah

“…However, a study in Zhoushan, China, found that the prevalence of both anxiety and depression was highest in the first trimester and lowest in the second trimester, according to the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale [ 25 ]. Another Turkish study found that a larger number of women had depressive symptoms in their third trimester [ 8 ]. These disparities may be attributable to the assessment tools used and differences in study settings and populations.…”

“…A Swedish population-wide study reported that the percentage of expectant mothers who suffer from at least one psychiatric illness is approximately 14% [ 7 ]. A Turkish study that evaluated the state of pregnant women during different trimesters of pregnancy has observed that depression, anxiety, and defective sleep quality were higher in the third trimester compared to the first and second trimesters [ 8 ]. A 2020 Pakistani study that explored antenatal stress and its associations amongst pregnant Punjabi women also reported high-stress levels amongst 42.2% of their respondents and concluded that it was mostly associated with low-income status, non-involvement of the respondent in household decision-making, desire for a son rather than a daughter, and experience of birth complications in past pregnancies [ 9 ].…”

Systematic Review: The Effect of Covid-19 on Anxiety in Pregnant Women

“…Pregnant women in the third trimester report having higher scores of experiencing anxiety (Hamzehgardeshi et al, 2021). This could be because pregnant women in the third trimester feel anxious about various things, such as whether they can give birth normally, preparing for childbirth, worrying about contracting COVID-19 in the hospital environment and infecting their babies (Çolak et al, 2021;. The results of previous studies, gestational age and anxiety levels have no correlation (Effati-Daryani et al, 2020;Kahyaoglu Sut & Kucukkaya, 2021;Skouteris et al, 2009;van de Loo et al, 2018).…”

Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Pregnant Women during COVID-19: Systematic review-based study

“…There was a considerable disparity between the change in getting health care and the concern because mobile applications usage by pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic (OzkanSat & Sozbir, 2021). During COVID-19, high levels of depression, anxiety & stress experiences of prenatal trauma, antenatal attachment, low family income, lack of physical exercise, health anxiety, sleep disorders, low social support, and having a COVID-19 infected person among relatives (Filippetti, Clarke & Rigato, 2022;Stampini et al, 2021;Khazaeian, Khazaeian & Fathnezhad-kazemi, 2021;Ravaldi et al, 2020;Jelicic, et al,2021;Colak et al, 2021;Kajdy et al, 2021&Yu, et al, 2020. High on psychological stress, who are unable to attend the delivery of critical obstetric visits and receive support from friends, family, and birthing classes (Leiker et al, 2021).…”