The Lexical Tonology of Kinande

2 I am following the tradition of most work on Bantu grammar (Doke 1943, 1954, Meeussen 1967, etc.) in describing /a/ as the least marked IFS. As this earlier work points out, /a/ is arguably the default IFS, as it occurs most frequently, being compatible with a wider range of tenses and aspects than the other IFS. See Mutaka (1994) for discussion of other phonological processes in Kinande which take the I-Stem as their domain. And see work like Myers (1987, 1998), Mchombo (1993) for arguments motivating the I-Stem in other Bantu languages. 3 As Hyman et al. (1999) argue, an alternative approach to denning the RED as a verb stem would be to define Kinande reduplication as a form of stem self-compounding at the I-Stem level. It is beyond the scope of this paper to compare these approaches in detail. The important point is they both agree in defining the RED as a verb stem whose segmentism and morphological parse are required to correspond to its Base stem. ' sort of tower' ' toy rat' ' many women' ' sort of chest' 'small stones' ' sweets' ' monthly' ' person'

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Kinande vowel harmony: domains, grounded conditions and one-sided alignment

Archangeli

Pulleyblank

2002

Phonology

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The canonical image of vowel harmony is of a particular feature distributed throughout a word, leading to symmetric constraints like AGREE or SPREAD. Examination of the distribution of tongue-root advancement in Kinande demonstrates that harmonic feature distribution is asymmetric. The data argue that a formal (yet asymmetric) constraint (like ALIGN) is exactly half right : such a constraint correctly characterises the left edge of the harmonic domain. By contrast, the right edge is necessarily characterised by phonetically grounded restrictions on feature co-occurrence. Of further interest is the role of morphological domains : the interaction between domain restrictions on specific constraints and unrestricted constraints suggests a formal means of characterising the overwhelming similarity between constraint hierarchies at different morphological levels while at the same time characterising the distinctions between levels.

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The Lexical Tonology of Kinande

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Analyzing Sound Patterns

Analyzing Sound Patterns

Morphological and prosodic constraints on Kinande verbal reduplication

Kinande vowel harmony: domains, grounded conditions and one-sided alignment

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