The Liberal Hegelianism of Edward Caird: Or, How to Transcend the Social Economics of Kant and the Romantics

Abstract

PurposeThe paper establishes that Edward Caird developed a distinctive form of liberal Hegelianism out of his critical responses to Kant, the romantic tradition of Rousseau, Goethe and Wordsworth and indeed Hegel himself. Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a philosophical reconstruction of Caird's social economics that is based on a close reading of a very wide range of Caird's writings including his recently published lectures on social ethics and political economy. FindingsCaird's theory of historical development underpinned his writings on social economics. One of his greatest debts in this regard was to his interpretation of the romantics, which introduced a rich conception of higher human capacities into his critical analysis of capitalism. When combined with his critique of Kantian formalism, this led Caird towards Hegel. Yet, Caird's concerns regarding corporatism's stultifying tendencies led him to develop a dynamic form of liberal Hegelianism, which placed far greater trust than had Hegel in the ability of free conscientious citizens to restructure and enrich established social categories (classes, professions, gender roles and so on) and the system of nations which those categories helped to constitute. Practical implicationsIf Caird's liberal Hegelianism were to be adopted today, we could live in much freer, fairer and enriching communities than we do at present. Originality/valueEdward Caird has been wrongly neglected in intellectual histories of Anglo-American political theory, and while his writings on Kant's critical philosophy have received some scholarly attention, his critique of romanticism has never received the attention it deserves. This also draws on manuscripts that have been published only within the past five years, having been edited for the first time by the author of this paper.

Individuality, Freedom and Socialism: The British Idealists' Critiques of the Fichtean State

“…He baulked at hierarchical politics (Tyler, 2006, ch. 3;2010a), and so could not have rested content with the agency of what Adler (2012, p. 23, quoting Fichte, 1845 calls 'the scientific elite' whose possession of the technē of political leadership makes them 'the "free artists of the future and its history" '. Caird saw such an elitist attitude as outdated, instead championing an egalitarian -and characteristically British idealist -model of critical citizenship.…”

“…He baulked at hierarchical politics (Tyler, 2006, ch. 3; 2010a), and so could not have rested content with the agency of what Adler (2012, p. 23, quoting Fichte, 1845–6, vol. 4, p. 395) calls ‘the scientific elite’ whose possession of the technē of political leadership makes them ‘the “free artists of the future and its history”’.…”

“…153–63; Tyler, 2006, ch. 3; 2010a). In tension with Hegel's corporatism, however, and in flat contradiction to Fichte's requirement that obligations of trades and professions should be enforced by the state, Caird held that ‘Class distinctions have become something purely artificial and must be broken down’ (Jones and Muirhead, 1921, p. 149; see also pp.…”

“…This development of desires through socialisation and sublimation was one of the most powerful vehicles for the development of a society in which individuals expressed greater ranges of potentials in increasingly subtle and satisfying ways (Tyler, 2006, pp. 111–20; 2010a, pp. 860–4).…”