The life cycle assessment of biodiesel from palm oil (“dendê”) in the Amazon

Life cycle environmental impacts of a prospective palm-based biorefinery in Pará State-Brazil

“…Then, heavy trucks with a loading capacity of 16 t for the road system of Brazil are delivering the chemicals within an average distance of 150 km. This is in compliance with the transport scenario stated by (Queiroz et al, 2012).…”

“…Unit Quantity as fertilizers (Queiroz et al, 2012); it is assumed that 20% of the nutrient estimates in Table 3 are lost due to the leaching and volatilization.…”

“…Kernels are sent into the kernel oil extraction processes. The average unit mass of products in the FFB milling process is obtained from literature (Pleanjai and Gheewala, 2009;Hassan et al, 2011;Queiroz et al, 2012;Patthanaissaranukool et al, 2013) that is 240 kg EFB, 203 kg CPO, 143 kg fibers, 54 kg kernels, 67 kg shells, and 548 kg POME. POME is a mixture of polluted effluent with high COD concentration of 0.40 kg/l, which is digested anaerobically to produce about 15 m 3 biogas (at atmospheric pressure)/1 m 3 POME (Patthanaissaranukool et al, 2013).…”

Advances in biofuel production from oil palm and palm oil processing wastes: A review

“…Queiroz et al (2012) carried out the LCA of palm oil biodiesel in the Amazon. The analysis was carried out for the three phases of plantation, oil production, and biodiesel production using transesterification reaction.…”

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of a biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)

“…On the other hand, one of key elements in evaluating the lifecycle net energy balance and the GHG emissions has been the biodiesel production from palm oilseeds [1,2,7,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], because it has been widely believed that negative environmental effects associated with biodiesel production, including deforestation, are closely related to the production of palm oil. However, the economic potential of palm oil for fulfilling the high demand for biodiesel in the world market has been recognized, due to its superior annual yield per hectare as compared to other oilseeds, and current production capacity which is about one-third of the global oil production [21].…”