The Life of Reason or The Phases of Human Progress

Santayana, George; Gouinlock, James

doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262028325.001.0001

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…2 It is instructive and sobering to note that much research in chronic renal allograft injury over the past 30 years involved plausible hypotheses subsequently proven to be largely incorrect. In the 1980s, several studies showed that the patients who experienced an early acute cellular rejection (ACR) episode had less favorable long-term (usually 5-year) graft survival than those who remained rejection-free.…”

Section: Hypotheses Regarding Chronic Renal Allograft Injury: a Histomentioning

confidence: 99%

Through a Glass Darkly

Stegall

Gaston

Cosio

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

115

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A common lament is that long-term kidney transplant outcomes remain the same despite improvements in early graft survival. To be fair, progress has been made -in both our understanding of chronic injury and modestly, graft survival. However, we are still a long way from actually solving this important and difficult problem. In this review, we outline recent data supporting the existence of several causes of renal allograft loss, the incidences of which peak at different time points after transplantation. On the basis of this broadened concept of chronic renal allograft injury, we examine the challenges of clinical trial design in longterm studies, including the use of surrogate end points and biomarkers. Finally, we suggest a path forward that, ultimately, may improve long-term renal allograft survival.

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Section: Hypotheses Regarding Chronic Renal Allograft Injury: a Histomentioning

confidence: 99%

Through a Glass Darkly

Stegall

Gaston

Cosio

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

115

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“…A quote commonly attributed to George Santayana [23] states: "Those who don't know history are doomed to repeat it". In any future global land cover mapping effort it is absolutely critical to learn from the past so as to not make the same mistakes over again.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Land Cover Mapping: A Review and Uncertainty Analysis

et al. 2014

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Given the advances in remotely sensed imagery and associated technologies, several global land cover maps have been produced in recent times including IGBP DISCover, UMD Land Cover, Global Land Cover 2000 and GlobCover 2009. However, the utility of these maps for specific applications has often been hampered due to considerable amounts of uncertainties and inconsistencies. A thorough review of these global land cover projects including evaluating the sources of error and uncertainty is prudent and enlightening. Therefore, this paper describes our work in which we compared, summarized and conducted an uncertainty analysis of the four global land cover mapping projects using an error budget approach. The results showed that the classification scheme and the validation methodology had the highest error contribution and implementation priority. A comparison of the OPEN ACCESS Remote Sens. 2014, 6 12071 classification schemes showed that there are many inconsistencies between the definitions of the map classes. This is especially true for the mixed type classes for which thresholds vary for the attributes/discriminators used in the classification process. Examination of these four global mapping projects provided quite a few important lessons for the future global mapping projects including the need for clear and uniform definitions of the classification scheme and an efficient, practical, and valid design of the accuracy assessment.

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“…George Santayana (1905). 1 An 11-year-old boy endured history's first appendicectomy during the repair of a scrotal hernia, with no anaesthetic or analgesia. He recovered after 1 month.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of the treatment of appendicitis in children: lessons learned

Hamill

Hill

2016

ANZ Journal of Surgery

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During the latter half of the 19th century, surgeons increasingly reported performing appendicectomies. Fitz from Harvard, Groves from Canada and Tait from Britain all recorded successful removal of the appendix. McBurney described the point of maximal tenderness in classic appendicitis and also the muscle-splitting incision centred on this point. Priority is given to McArthur in describing the lateral muscle-splitting incision. The direction of the cutaneous incision was later modified by Elliott and Lanz. Incisions that healed well were essential to recovery. Appendicectomy became a 'fashionable' operation after the London surgeon, Treves, removed the appendix of King Edward VII. Through the 20th century, the mortality from appendicitis fell notably with the advent of sulphonamide and penicillin, improvements in fluid therapy and safer anaesthesia. By 1990, diagnostic delay was the main cause of death. Semm performed the first laparoscopic appendicectomy in 1990, roundly criticized at the time for what is now a routine procedure. We view contemporary debates on the indications for appendicectomy, the best approach and how to optimize recovery in the light of the history of this intriguing disease.

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The Life of Reason or The Phases of Human Progress

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Through a Glass Darkly

Through a Glass Darkly

Global Land Cover Mapping: A Review and Uncertainty Analysis

A history of the treatment of appendicitis in children: lessons learned

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