The Lingha Boys of Siem Reap: A Baseline Study of Sexually-Exploited Young Men in Siem Reap, Cambodia

Davis, Jarrett; Miles, Glenn

doi:10.13185/la2013.27104

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although 39% of "ladyboys" respondents indicated recent experiences of violence, only two cis-men sex workers in Phnom Penh reported experiences of violence from police (Miles & Blanch, unpublished). Similarly, only one of the cis-men respondents in Siem Reap indicate violence from police (Miles & Davis, 2014). Among these studies, the highest rates of police violence were in the Philippines where 12% of respondents reported experiences of violence.…”

Section: Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifty-five percent of respondents in Phnom Penh indicate being forced to have sex, 56% higher than the average instances of forced sex reported among cis-men in Cambodia and the Philippines. Among these groups of cis-men respondents, the highest rates of forced sex were found in Siem Reap where 43% of respondents indicate instances in which they were forced to have sex against their wishes (Miles & Davis, 2014). In Manila, 38% indicate instances of forced sex (Davis & Miles, 2013) and 13% of cis-men respondents in Phnom Penh reported forced sex (Miles & Blanch, unpublished).…”

Section: Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

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"They Chase Us Like Dogs": Exploring the Vulnerabilities of "Ladyboys" in the Cambodian Sex Trade

Davis¹,

Miles²

2018

Dignity

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While the vulnerability of women and girls continues to be the subject of research and concern among social service providers, few attempts have been made to understand the vulnerabilities and lived experiences of transgender persons in the sex industry. Among the studies that have been done, most have focused on sexual health and their likelihood to contract or spread HIV/AIDS, often ignoring other potential vulnerabilities. This study aims to provide a broad baseline of data on the perspectives and experiences of transgendered persons in the sex trade in Phnom Penh, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of their needs, and vulnerabilities, including their trajectory into sex work and potential alternatives. In addition, this study aims to aid the development of programming and social services that meet their needs holistically, looking beyond gender expression and social identity to address often overlooked needs and vulnerabilities. This study notes the respondent's common personal feelings of self-blame, shame, and guilt, and discusses a perceived fatalism observed within the social identity of transgender persons in the Cambodian sex trade, and the impact this may have on their perception of alternative employment, future options, and vulnerability to violence. The majority of respondents, or 74%, indicate sexual harassment, and 40% cite physical assault within the past 12 months, as well as more than half of respondents (55%) who cite being forced to have sex against their wishes. In addition, respondents describe diverse and overlapping forms of stigma and discrimination including: loss of employment (39%) and loss or denial of housing (20%), denial of education (12%) and denial of basic health services (10%) as a result of being transgender. Over half of those citing stigma and discrimination and more than one-third of those citing physical assault, cite police as the perpetrators of the violence. This study notes the respondent's common personal feelings of self-blame, shame, and guilt, and discusses a perceived fatalism observed within the social identity of transgender persons in the Cambodian sex trade, and the impact this may have on their perception of alternative employment, future options, and vulnerability to violence.

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Section: Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

"They Chase Us Like Dogs": Exploring the Vulnerabilities of "Ladyboys" in the Cambodian Sex Trade

Davis¹,

Miles²

2018

Dignity

Self Cite

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“…In addition, the practice of kissing or massaging the genitals of boys under the age of two years old in order to comfort the children was a reported cultural norm. While this type of ‘comfort’ touching may not necessarily constitute abuse or exploitation, Davis and Miles () found through their research that boys reported that this type of touching continued past the age of two, potentially constituting abuse. They also described significant cultural stigma associated with men who have sex with men, which is associated with boys involved in commercial sex work.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study authors also stated that it was commonplace for massage parlour employers to adjust birth records because it is illegal to hire minors for sex work. Therefore, they suspected that the actual number of boys exploited as minors was higher than reported and that boys participating in research studies may have lied about their age for fear of being caught by their employers (Davis and Miles, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Survey studies provided data revealing common themes of poverty or abusive home environments as the impetus for boys entering street‐based sex work or massage parlour work. One study found that 54.5 per cent of boys working in massage parlours reported moving to larger cities for work (Davis and Miles, ), while another found that 78.4 per cent of boys reported making money for their families as the motivation to move for work (Davis and Miles, ). When exploring the experiences of boys in street‐based work, boys reported being coerced into the sex trade by gang violence (Hilton, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Trafficking of Children in the Greater Mekong Region: A Review of Recent Literature

Tsai

Dichter

2019

Child Abuse Review

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This review focuses on the literature on child trafficking in the Greater Mekong Region (GMR) in the last decade, as an update to Rafferty's (2007) review. The research is primarily organised into several main themes: public health implications, the trafficking of boys, cross‐border trafficking, the changing context and venues in which trafficking occurs, and trafficking in lesser‐studied regions of the GMR. The research reveals that children who are trafficked experience physical symptoms of abuse, sexually transmitted infections, mental health sequelae and substance abuse. Emerging research on the trafficking of boys elucidates relevant cultural issues, describing exploitation in street‐based and establishment‐based venues. Recent work describing children who are exploited in the Thai‐Cambodian border region reveals economic depression as a driver for migration into the area and high rates of violence. The literature also describes a shift in trafficking venues in Cambodia from brothels to entertainment venues. Much of the research to date has been conducted in Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand, and there is preliminary research from the Lao People's Democratic Republic, but much remains unknown about trafficking in other GMR countries. Further research is required to identify the interactions of trafficked children in the GMR with healthcare settings, and, more specifically, to understand the medical implications of trafficking. Key Practitioner Messages Children trafficked in the GMR experience health consequences as a result of exploitation. Venues for trafficking in the GMR are shifting from brothels to off‐site and entertainment venues as a consequence of governments and local authorities increasing legal enforcement. Boys in the GMR are vulnerable to trafficking. Children who migrate for work in the GMR are vulnerable to trafficking. A trauma‐informed approach and a heightened level of awareness for a history of trafficking are important for practitioners caring for patients from the GMR.

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Ethics and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence

Wong¹

2021

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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Over the last few years, the world has deliberated and developed numerous ethical principles and frameworks. It is the general opinion that the time has arrived to move from principles and to operationalize on the ethical practice of AI. It is now recognized that principles and standards can play a universal harmonizing role for the development of AI-related legal norms across the globe. However, how do we translate and embrace these articulated values, principles and actions to guide Nation States around the world to formulate their regulatory systems, policies or other legal instruments regarding AI? Our regulatory systems have attempted to keep abreast of new technologies by recalibrating and adapting our regulatory frameworks to provide for new opportunities and risks, to confer rights and duties, safety and liability frameworks, and to ensure legal certainty for businesses. These past adaptations have been reactive and sometimes piecemeal, often with artificial delineation on rights and responsibilities and with unintended flow-on consequences. Previously, technologies have been deployed more like tools, but as autonomy and self-learning capabilities increase, robots and intelligent AI systems will feel less and less like machines and tools. There is now a significant difference, because machine learning AI systems have the ability 'to learn', adapt their performances and 'make decisions' from data and 'life experiences'.

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The Lingha Boys of Siem Reap: A Baseline Study of Sexually-Exploited Young Men in Siem Reap, Cambodia

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

"They Chase Us Like Dogs": Exploring the Vulnerabilities of "Ladyboys" in the Cambodian Sex Trade

"They Chase Us Like Dogs": Exploring the Vulnerabilities of "Ladyboys" in the Cambodian Sex Trade

The Trafficking of Children in the Greater Mekong Region: A Review of Recent Literature

Ethics and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence

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