The Link Between the Transnational Behaviour and Integration of the Second Generation in European and American Cities: <i>Does the context of reception matter?</i>

Abstract

This article investigates the transnational behaviour of the children of immigrants -the second generation -in 11 European and two U.S. cities. We find evidence that transnational practices such as visits to the home country, remittances and use of ethnic media persist only among a minority of the second generation. At a personal level, these second-generation transmigrants are less socio-culturally integrated but more economically integrated in the host country. They also tend to live in those cities and countries with policies that are more assimilationist or exclusionary than multicultural.

Acculturation style, transnational behaviour, and return-migration intentions of the Turkish second generation: Exploring linkages

“…Furthermore, the model, to our knowledge, has not yet been empirically tested. Fokkema et al (2012) investigated transnational behaviour of the second generation in several European and U.S. cities and found that only a minority exhibit transnational behaviour. Those that do are socio-culturally less well integrated and economically more integrated, and they reside more often in cities and in countries with an assimilation policy.…”

The role of ethnic school segregation for adolescents’ religious salience

“…Apart from socio-economic integration (Portes and Zhou, 1993), the socio-cultural integration of second generation migrants is also more pronounced than that of their first generation counterparts. Second generation migrants tend to have more ethnic majority friends (Martinović, 2013), political attitudes more similar to those of the ethnic majority (Maxwell, 2010) and identify more often with the host society (Fokkema et al, 2012) than first generation migrants. These results indicate a higher conformism to the ethnic majority through a better social integration for second than for first generation migrants.…”

Variation in transnationalism among Eastern European migrants in Italy: the role of duration of residence and integration

“…Some studies support the idea that integration and transnational ties are not necessarily substitutes, but can be complements, in particular in the case of economic integration (Fokkema et al 2012;Guarnizo, Portes, and Haller 2003;Itzigsohn and Giorguli Saucedo 2002;Landolt, Autler, and Baires 1999;Popkin 1999;Portes, Haller, and Guarnizo 2002;Sana 2005;Van Dalen, Groenewold, and Fokkema 2005). Other scholars do not agree with the assumed positive relation between migrants' integration and transnationalism (Basch, Glick Schiller, and Szanton Blanc 1994;Faist 2000;Portes 1997).…”

“…The Integrometro survey contains various indicators that are generally used to measure migrants' level of transnationalism (e.g. Beauchemin, Lagrange, and Safi 2011;Fokkema et al 2012;Kasinitz et al 2008). As our focus is on transnational behaviour per se rather than on each transnational indicator individually, we carried out a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation.…”