This paper provides a critical review of the progress in understanding the linkages between transport disadvantage and social exclusion. It follows earlier work in proposing social capital as a concept that mediates those linkages but argues that transport researchers must not confine themselves to conceptualisations of social capital as predominantly benign and capable of reducing transport disadvantage and social exclusion. A range of hypothetical pathways is discussed, highlighting the Janus-faced character of social capital as a medium for both the effectuation of progressive social change and the perpetuation and creation of social inequalities. An analysis is provided of the extent to which the recent transport-related literature supports or rejects the hypothesised pathways, and key avenues for future research are identified.Key words: social exclusion, transport disadvantage, social capital, literature review, social network 1
1| IntroductionThere is a long tradition in transport studies, urban studies and human geography of research that examines the connections of mobility with social inequality and deprivation (Kain, 1968;Wachs and Kumagai, 1973;Hanson and Hanson, 1980;Kwan, 1999;Neutens et al., 2010), and a range of papers on those connections have recently been published in TransportationResearch Part A (Stanley et al., 2011;Martens et al., 2012;Mullen et al., 2014). Within that tradition researchers have suggested direct causal links between transport and social exclusion (Church et al., 2000;Hine and Mitchell, 2001;Lucas et al., 2001;Kenyon et al., 2002; Lucas, 2004Lucas, , 2012Cass et al., 2005;Gray et al., 2006;Preston and Rajé, 2007;Stanley et al., 2011). Scholarship on these links flourished in the early 21 st century, in part because of the interest the Labour government under Tony Blair took in reducing social exclusion in the UK. Yet, this flourishing also reflects more general concerns over the effects of neoliberal urban and transport policies on the less privileged segments of urban and rural populations in the UK and elsewhere.The intimate connections of academic work on mobility and exclusion with the realms of policy-making and -less frequently -grassroots activism imply that research on transport and social exclusion ticks many of the 'impact' and 'knowledge valorisation' boxes that are increasingly important in research evaluations. However, the flipside of this orientation on policy and practice is that theoretical development has not always been the highest priority among researchers. Past studies have significantly expanded our understanding of concepts, such as mobility-related exclusion (Kenyon et al., 2002), access (Cass et al., 2005 or network capital (Urry, 2007(Urry, , 2012, but research has to a considerable degree progressed through cumulative broadening of empirical research.2 Therefore, the current paper draws upon various theoretical perspectives on social capital and explores how they can strengthen the theoretical basis of research about transport and social ...