Bone is typically well suited for its habitual loading environment because of its ability to adapt. Although characteristics of the mechanical loading environment predict the bone adaptive response in animals, this has not been prospectively validated in humans. Here, we describe an in vivo loading model in which women apply forces to the radius by leaning onto their hand. We characterized the strain environment imposed on the radius using cadaveric experimentation and conducted a prospective study in which 19 adult women loaded their distal radii 50 cycles/day, 3 days/week, for 28 weeks and seven additional adult women served as controls. In four cadaveric specimens, loading caused compressive principal strains of À1,695 AE 396 me with radial bending dorsally and towards the ulna. Prospective in vivo loading produced measurable improvements to bone and appeared to protect against bone loss associated with seasonal fluctuations in physical activity and sun exposure. Experimental subjects had significant gains to bone volume (BV) and moments of inertia, while, control subjects had significant losses in BMC and moments of inertia. The loading model is thus suitable as a model system for exploring bone adaptation in humans, and may eventually be clinically useful for strengthening the radius of women. Keywords: upper extremity; wrist; quantitative computed tomography; CT; QCT Bone adapts its form and function to the mechanical loads it encounters during habitual activity. This adaptive process, accomplished via bone modeling and remodeling, is driven by mechanical stimuli (e.g., stress, strain, strain energy density, etc). The magnitude of the (re)modeling response depends on the degree to which the mechanical environment deviates from a particular set point. Here, the mechanical environment within the bone is a consequence of the collective applied external stimuli.1,2 In the physiologically normal bone, apposition will occur when the mechanical stimulus exceeds some maximum threshold, while resorption will occur when the mechanical stimulus falls below some minimum threshold. Most of the time, however, the mechanical stimulus falls within a range that initiates neither net apposition nor resorption, and the bone metabolic process is in homeostasis.Several studies have defined mechanical stimulus thresholds required to initiate an adaptive response within non-human bone. For example, it has been shown in the turkey ulna, that four wing flaps per day, which each provide a peak periosteal strain of approximately 2,000 micro-strain (me), is sufficient to maintain bone mass, as are 100 cycles of 1,000 me per day.3,4 Similarly, 10 jumps per day, 3 days per week is sufficient to elicit an osteogenic response in the tibiae of rats.5 Collectively, this animal work has established the importance of specific parameters for bone adaptation such as loading magnitude, 6 loading cycles, 7 loading frequency, 8 loading rate, 9 and timing between loads, 10,11 and between loading bouts.
12Because of challenges associated ...