The load-velocity profile differs more between men and women than between individuals with different strength levels

Torrejón, Alejandro; Balsalobre-Fernández, Carlos; Haff, G. Gregory; García-Ramos, Amador

doi:10.1080/14763141.2018.1433872

Cited by 73 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although lower body muscular strength was not measured in the current study, maximal strength has been shown to be a limiting factor in jumping ability and other lower body measure of explosive strength (Andersen & Aagaard, 2006;Suchomel et al, 2018). Previous research has demonstrated that males possess greater maximal strength and ability to produce greater velocities at the same percentage of one repetition maximum than their female counterparts (Sole et al, 2018;Torrejon et al, 2019). When comparing the force-time curves in the countermovement jump between sexes, previous research has reported that the male and female differences in countermovement jump height were attributed to force characteristics and not temporal characteristics of the force-time curve (Beckham et al, 2019;Sole et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…This is a concern as previous research has established differences in force and power capabilities between males and females in other athletic activities (McMahon, Rej & Comfort, 2017;Rice et al, 2017). For example, a number of studies has observed that males are able to produce higher velocities at the same percent of one repetition maximum and have a greater rate of force development and countermovement jump height than females (Laffaye, Wagner & Tombleson, 2014;McMahon, Rej & Comfort, 2017;Rice et al, 2017;Torrejon et al, 2019). Rice et al (2017) concluded that this greater jump height observed in males compared to females can be attributed to larger concentric impulse and thus greater velocity throughout most of the concentric phase at take-off in the countermovement jump.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prediction of swim start performance based on squat jump force-time characteristics

Thng

Pearson

Rathbone

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background Depending on the stroke and distances of the events, swim starts have been estimated to account for 0.8% to 26.1% of the overall race time, with the latter representing the percentage in a 50 m sprint front crawl event (Cossor & Mason, 2001). However, it is still somewhat unclear what are the key physiological characteristics underpinning swim start performance. The primary aim of this study was to develop a multiple regression model to determine key lower body force-time predictors using the squat jump for swim start performance as assessed by time to 5 m and 15 m in national and international level swimmers. A secondary aim was to determine if any differences exist between males and females in jump performance predictors for swim start performance. Methods A total of 38 males (age 21 ± 3.1 years, height 1.83 ± 0.08 m, body mass 76.7 ± 10.2 kg) and 34 females (age 20.1 ± 3.2 years, height 1.73 ± 0.06 m, body mass 64.8 ± 8.4 kg) who had competed at either an elite (n = 31) or national level (n = 41) participated in this study. All tests were performed on the same day, with participants performing three bodyweight squat jumps on a force platform, followed by three swim starts using their main swimming stroke. Swim start performance was quantified via time to 5 m and 15 m using an instrumented starting block. Results Stepwise multiple linear regression with quadratic fitting identified concentric impulse and concentric impulse2 as statistically significant predictors for time to 5 m (R2 = 0.659) in males. With time to 15 m, concentric impulse, age and concentric impulse2 were statistically significant predictors for males (R2 = 0.807). A minimum concentric impulse of 200–230 N.s appears required for faster times to 5 m and 15 m, with any additional impulse production not being associated with a reduction in swim start times for most male swimmers. Concentric impulse, Reactive strength index modified and concentric mean power were identified as statistically significant predictors for female swimmers to time to 5 m (R2 = 0.689). Variables that were statistically significant predictors of time to 15 m in females were concentric impulse, body mass, concentric rate of power development and Reactive strength index modified (R2 = 0.841). Discussion The results of this study highlight the importance of lower body power and strength for swim start performance, although being able to produce greater than 200 or 230 N.s concentric impulse in squat jump did not necessarily increase swim start performance over 5 m and 15 m, respectively. Swimmers who can already generate greater levels of concentric impulse may benefit more from improving their rate of force development and/or technical aspects of the swim start performance. The sex-related differences in key force-time predictors suggest that male and female swimmers may require individualised strength and conditioning programs and regular monitoring of performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prediction of swim start performance based on squat jump force-time characteristics

Thng

Pearson

Rathbone

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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“…Whilst several VBT approaches exist, recent research has encouraged the use of individualised load-velocity relationships. [12][13][14] This method involves obtaining concentric velocity data across the loading spectrum and establishing velocity thresholds at each relative load, which are then used to modify subsequent training load. Dorrell et al 15 recently reported that six weeks of prescribing training load based on generalised velocity zones led to greater improvements in countermovement jump (CMJ) height than PBT in 16 recreationally-trained men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of In-Season Velocity- Versus Percentage-Based Training in Academy Rugby League Players

Orange¹,

Metcalfe²,

Robinson³

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To compare the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) vs percentage-based training (PBT) on strength, speed, and jump performance in academy rugby league players during a 7-wk in-season mesocycle. Methods: A total of 27 rugby league players competing in the Super League U19s Championship were randomized to VBT (n = 12) or PBT (n = 15). Both groups completed a 7-wk resistance-training intervention (2×/wk) that involved the back squat. The PBT group used a fixed load based on a percentage of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), whereas the VBT group used a modifiable load based on individualized velocity thresholds. Biomechanical and perceptual data were collected during each training session. Back-squat 1-RM, countermovement jump, reactive strength index, sprint times, and back-squat velocity at 40–90% 1-RM were assessed pretraining and posttraining. Results: The PBT group showed likely to most likely improvements in 1-RM strength and reactive strength index, whereas the VBT group showed likely to very likely improvements in 1-RM strength, countermovement jump height, and back-squat velocity at 40% and 60% 1-RM. Sessional velocity and power were most likely greater during VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean differences = 1.8–2.4), while time under tension and perceptual training stress were likely lower (standardized mean differences = 0.49–0.66). The improvement in back-squat velocity at 60% 1-RM was likely greater following VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean difference = 0.50). Conclusion: VBT can be implemented during the competitive season, instead of traditional PBT, to improve training stimuli, decrease training stress, and promote velocity-specific adaptations.

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“…In the bench press throw, women achieve peak power output at 30-50%, whereas men at 30% (Thomas et al, 2007). Moreover, another study indicated that men achieved higher mean velocity for light loads, whereas women reported higher mean velocity for heavy loads during the BP on a Smith machine (Torrejón et al, 2018). These data suggest that various training strategies should be used in training for men and women to develop power output.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Analysis of power output and bar velocity during various techniques of the bench press among women

Gepfert¹,

Filip²,

Kostrzewa³

et al. 2020

jhse

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Background: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the wide grip bench press (WGBP) and the close grip bench press (CGBP) on power output and bar velocity changes using a variable tempo of movement (6/0/X/0 vs. 2/0/X/0) in a group of female athletes. Objective: Twenty females were enrolled in the study (age 26.6±2.6, body mass 54.4±7.2 kg, RT experience 2.5±0.94 years; CGBP 1RM 55.2±7.5 kg; WGBP 1RM 52.9±6.5 kg). Method: Participants performed two sets of three repetitions of the bench press (BP) at 70%1RM with different grip widths (WGBP or CGBP) and different tempos of movement (2/0/X/0 or 6/0/X/0). During each test the following variables were registered: mean power (MP), peak power (PP), mean velocity (MV), and peak velocity (PV). Results: The repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences between analysed variables for MV, PV and PP. The post hoc Tukey showed significant differences between WGBPSLOW and WGBPFAST for MV (p<0.01) and PV (p<0.01), significant differences between WGBPSLOW and CGBPFAST for PP (p<0.05), MV (p<0.01) and PV (p<0.05). Finally, the study showed significant differences between CGBPSLOW and CGBPFAST for MV (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present research showed that the movement tempo significantly influenced the level of power output and bar velocity during the BP. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the type of grip width during the BP is not a factor significantly affecting the level of power output and bar velocity.

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The load-velocity profile differs more between men and women than between individuals with different strength levels

Cited by 73 publications

References 26 publications

The prediction of swim start performance based on squat jump force-time characteristics

The prediction of swim start performance based on squat jump force-time characteristics

Effects of In-Season Velocity- Versus Percentage-Based Training in Academy Rugby League Players

Analysis of power output and bar velocity during various techniques of the bench press among women

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