The Localization of Vestibular Efferent Neurons in the Kitten with Horseradish Peroxidase

Gacek, Richard R.; Lyon, Michael J.

doi:10.3109/00016487409124603

Cited by 169 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1B,C). At levels of P7-P6 a few labeled cells are seen in the region where vestibular efferent neurons are found (Gacek and Lyon 1974). At this level, a few calretinin-immunoreactive cells are seen in the superior and lateral nuclei.…”

Section: Calretininmentioning

confidence: 84%

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

Baizer

Baker

2005

Exp Brain Res

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The vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) is classically divided into four nuclei on the basis of cytoarchitectonics. However, anatomical data on the distribution of afferents to the VNC and the distribution of cells of origin of different efferent pathways suggest a more complex internal organization. Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins has proven useful in many areas of the brain for revealing structure not visible with cell, fiber or Golgi stains. We have looked at the VNC of the cat using immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin. Immunoreactivity for calretinin revealed a small, intensely stained region of cell bodies and processes just beneath the fourth ventricle in the medial vestibular nucleus. A presumably homologous region has been described in rodents. The calretinin-immunoreactive cells in this region were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase. Evidence from other studies suggests that the calretinin region contributes to pathways involved in eye movement modulation but not generation. There were focal dense regions of fibers immunoreactive to calbindin in the medial and inferior nuclei, with an especially dense region of label at the border of the medial nucleus and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. There is anatomical evidence that suggests that the likely source of these calbindin-immunoreactive fibers is the flocculus of the cerebellum. The distribution of calbindin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral and superior nuclei was much more uniform. Immunoreactivity to parvalbumin was widespread in fibers distributed throughout the VNC. The results suggest that neurochemical techniques may help to reveal the internal complexity in VNC organization.

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Section: Calretininmentioning

confidence: 84%

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

Baizer

Baker

2005

Exp Brain Res

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“…In this regard, vestibular organs are not exceptional (Gacek 1960;Gacek and Lyon 1974;Warr 1975;Goldberg and Fernàndez 1980). Efferent fibers synapse on vestibular hair cells and on calyx endings and other afferent processes (Smith and Rasmussen 1968;Iurato et al 1972;Wersäll and Bagger-Sjöbäck 1974;Lysakowski 1996;Lysakowski and Goldberg 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efferent Actions in the Chinchilla Vestibular Labyrinth

Marlinski

Plotnik

Goldberg

2004

JARO

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Efferent fibers were electrically stimulated in the brain stem, while afferent activity was recorded from the superior vestibular nerve in barbiturate-anesthetized chinchillas. We concentrated on canal afferents, but otolith afferents were also studied. Among canal fibers, calyx afferents were recognized by their irregular discharge and low rotational gains. In separate experiments, stimulating electrodes were placed in the efferent cell groups ipsilateral or contralateral to the recording electrode or in the midline. While single shocks were ineffective, repetitive shock trains invariably led to increases in afferent discharge rate. Such excitatory responses consisted of fast and slow components. Fast components were large only at high shock frequencies (200-333/s), built up with exponential time constants <0.1 s, and showed response declines or adaptation during shock trains >1 s in duration. Slow responses were obtained even at shock rates of 50/s, built up and decayed with time constants of 15-30 s, and could show little adaptation. The more regular the discharge, the larger was the efferent response of an afferent fiber. Response magnitude was proportional to cv* b , a normalized coefficient of interspike-interval variation (cv*) raised to the power b = 0.7. The value of the exponent b did not depend on unit type (calyx vs. bouton plus dimorphic, canal vs. otolith) or on stimulation site (ipsilateral, contralateral, or midline). Responses were slightly smaller with contralateral or midline stimulation than with ipsilateral stimulation, and they were smaller for otolith, as compared to canal, fibers.An anatomical study had suggested that responses to contralateral afferent stimulation should be small or nonexistent in irregular canal fibers. The suggestion was not confirmed in this study. Contralateral responses, including the large responses typically seen in irregular fibers, were abolished by shallow midline incisions that should have severed crossing efferent axons.

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“…These terminals are assumed to be inhibitory [10]. The cells of origin of an efferent pathway to the vestibular apparatus have anatomically been identified in guinea pigs and cats [4,12]. However, these cells have not been described in lower vertebrates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of efferent fibers of the vestibular apparatus in goldfish. A horseradish peroxidase study

Strutz

Schmidt

Stürmer

1980

Neuroscience Letters

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SUMMARYAfter injecting a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution into the vestibular apparatus in goldfish (Carassius auratus), cells in the medulla oblongata exhibited retrogradely transported HRP reaction product. These labeled cells were confined to 3 nuclei, i.e. the nucleus motorius tegmenti of Bartelmez (with the most prominent labeled cell groups), the ventral vestibular nucleus (Deiter's nucleus) and the medial vestibular nucleus. We consider these labeled cells to be the origin of the efferent innervation to the vestibular apparatus in goldfish. Neurons providing efferent innervation to the sensory periphery in the nucleus motorius tegmenti have, as yet, not been described.Electrophysiological recordings from the labyrinth of the frog suggested an inhibitory, centrifugal pathway to the sensory receptor organs of the vestibular apparatus [5,14]. Electron microscopical studies on the receptor cell layer of the gold fish labyrinth revealed axon terminals synapsing on the hair cells. These terminals are assumed to be inhibitory [10]. The cells of origin of an efferent pathway to the vestibular apparatus have anatomically been identified in guinea pigs and cats [4,12]. However, these cells have not been described in lower vertebrates.In our experimental approach in goldfish (Carassius auratus), we injected unilaterally 0.18-0.38 #1 of a 30o70 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution (in 1°70 poly-L-ornithine [7]), into the labyrinth of 7 specimens. HRP was injected into the cupula of the horizontal semicircular canal in 5 animals, and into the utriculus in two. At 24 h after the injection, the animals were perfused with saline transcardially

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The Localization of Vestibular Efferent Neurons in the Kitten with Horseradish Peroxidase

Cited by 169 publications

References 12 publications

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

Efferent Actions in the Chinchilla Vestibular Labyrinth

Origin of efferent fibers of the vestibular apparatus in goldfish. A horseradish peroxidase study

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