The LOKI underwater imaging system and an automatic identification model for the detection of zooplankton taxa in the Arctic Ocean

Schmid, Moritz S.; Aubry, Cyril; Grigor, Jordan; Fortier, Louis

doi:10.1016/j.mio.2016.03.003

Cited by 44 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…For copepodid diapause, there is some potential for approach (1). The most promising methods use optical and imaging tools (Schmid, Aubry, Grigor, & Fortier, ), possibly in combination with biochemical or genetic analysis (e.g. Wagner, Durbin, & Buckley, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copepod diapause and the biogeography of the marine lipidscape

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et al. 2018

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim One of the primary characteristics that determines the structure and function of marine food webs is the utilization and prominence of energy‐rich lipids. The biogeographical pattern of lipids throughout the ocean delineates the marine “lipidscape,” which supports lipid‐rich fish, mammal, and seabird communities. While the importance of lipids is well appreciated, there are no synoptic measurements or biogeographical estimates of the marine lipidscape. Productive lipid‐rich food webs in the pelagic ocean depend on the critical diapause stage of large pelagic copepods, which integrate lipid production from phytoplankton, concentrating it in space and time, and making it available to upper trophic levels as particularly energy‐rich wax esters. As an important first step towards mapping the marine lipidscape, we compared four different modelling approaches of copepodid diapause, each representing different underlying hypotheses, and evaluated them against global datasets. Location Global Ocean. Taxon Copepoda. Methods Through a series of global model runs and data comparisons, we demonstrated the potential for regional studies to be extended to estimate global biogeographical patterns of diapause. We compared four modelling approaches each designed from a different perspective: life history, physiology, trait‐based community ecology, and empirical relationships. We compared the resulting biogeographical patterns and evaluated the model results against global measurements of copepodid diapause. Results Models were able to resolve more than just the latitudinal pattern of diapause (i.e. increased diapause prevalence near the poles), but to also pick up a diversity of regions where diapause occurs, such as coastal upwelling zones and seasonal seas. The life history model provided the best match to global observations. The predicted global biogeographical patterns, combined with carbon flux estimates, suggested a lower bound of 0.031–0.25 Pg C yr−1 of downward flux associated with copepodid diapause. Main conclusions Results indicated a promising path forward for representing a detailed biogeography of the marine lipidscape and its associated carbon flux in global ecosystem and climate models. While complex models may offer advantages in terms of reproducing details of community structure, simpler theoretically based models appeared to best reproduce broad‐scale biogeographical patterns and showed the best correlation with observed biogeographical patterns.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copepod diapause and the biogeography of the marine lipidscape

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Maps

et al. 2018

Journal of Biogeography

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“…In particular, camera and imaging systems such as ZooScan (Laboratory only; Grosjean et al, 2004), FlowCam (Laboratory only; Sieracki et al, 1998), Zooplankton Visualization system (ZOOVIS; Trevorrow et al, 2005), Video Plankton Recorder (VPR; Davis et al, 2005), Lightframe On-sight Keyspecies Investigation (LOKI; Schmid et al, 2016), and the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS; Cowen and Guigand, 2008) have become more widespread. Additionally, increased effort has been invested in the identification of zooplankton from images (Zooniverse, www.planktonportal.org).…”

Section: Other Optical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling What We Sample and Sampling What We Model: Challenges for Zooplankton Model Assessment

et al. 2017

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Zooplankton are the intermediate trophic level between phytoplankton and fish, and are an important component of carbon and nutrient cycles, accounting for a large proportion of the energy transfer to pelagic fishes and the deep ocean. Given zooplankton's importance, models need to adequately represent zooplankton dynamics. A major obstacle, though, is the lack of model assessment. Here we try and stimulate the assessment of zooplankton in models by filling three gaps. The first is that many zooplankton observationalists are unfamiliar with the biogeochemical, ecosystem, size-based and individual-based models that have zooplankton functional groups, so we describe their primary uses and how each typically represents zooplankton. The second gap is that many modelers are unaware of the zooplankton data that are available, and are unaccustomed to the different zooplankton sampling systems, so we describe the main sampling platforms and discuss their strengths and weaknesses for model assessment. Filling these gaps in our understanding of models and observations provides the necessary context to address the last gap-a blueprint for model assessment of zooplankton. We detail two ways that zooplankton biomass/abundance observations can be used to assess models: data wrangling that transforms observations to be more similar to model output; and observation models that transform model outputs to be more like observations. We hope that this review will encourage greater assessment of zooplankton in models and ultimately improve the representation of their dynamics.Keywords: plankton net, bioacoustics, optical plankton counter, Continuous Plankton Recorder, size-spectra, ecosystem model, observation model, model assessment Everett et al. Challenges for Zooplankton Model Assessment THE IMPORTANCE OF ZOOPLANKTONAll marine phyla are part of the zooplankton-either permanently as holoplankton (e.g., copepods or arrow worms) or temporarily as meroplankton (e.g., crab or fish larvae). In this review we define zooplankton as all organisms drifting in the water whose locomotive abilities are insufficient to progress against ocean currents (Lenz, 2000). Their sizes range from flagellates (about 20 µm) to siphonophores up to 30 m long. Zooplankton are the intermediate trophic level between phytoplankton and fish and are an important component of carbon and nutrient cycles in the ocean. They account for a large proportion of the energy transfer to fish on continental shelves (Marquis et al., 2011), temperate reefs (Kingsford and MacDiarmid, 1988;Champion et al., 2015), seagrass meadows (Edgar and Shaw, 1995), and coral reefs (Hamner et al., 1988;Frisch et al., 2014). Zooplankton are also key in the transfer of energy between benthic and pelagic domains (Lassalle et al., 2013). Zooplankton are responsible for transferring energy to deep water through the sinking of fecal pellets and moribund carcases (Stemmann et al., 2000;Henschke et al., 2013Henschke et al., , 2016 or through diel vertical migration (Ariza et al., 2015) and can play...

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“…Individual variability has long been recognized as a key property of plankton ecology since population dynamics and trophic interactions (that are of primary interest for marine ecologists) are emerging properties of individual characteristics and behaviors (Båmstedt, 1988). Modern experimental and in situ observation methods are providing increasingly detailed and abundant individuallevel data (e.g., Schmid et al, 2016), while current numerical approaches allow for testing how and how well individual-based models can effectively represent emerging properties at higher organizational levels (Neuheimer et al, 2010;Morozov et al, 2013).…”

Section: Individual Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of turbulence may only become important for denser eggs rising very slowly toward the surface or directly after the spawning if it occurs in a thin layer pattern, hence producing a high concentration gradient. This effect could be studied more efficiently with new in situ sampling devices such as the LOKI underwater imaging system that can provide highly resolved vertical distribution of adult females C. hyperboreus, their eggs, a whole suite of potential other intraguild predators beyond M. longa and the physical properties of the water column as well (Schmid et al, 2016). From a biological point of view, egg density had an overwhelming impact on egg vertical distribution patterns (Figure 7).…”

Section: Dynamical Interactions In the Water Columnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Intraguild Predation on Arctic Copepod Communities

et al. 2016

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Communities of large copepods form an essential hub of matter and energy fluxes in Arctic marine food webs. Intraguild predation on eggs and early larval stages occurs among the different species of those communities and it has been hypothesized to impact its structure and function. In order to better understand the interactions between dominant copepod species in the Arctic, we conducted laboratory experiments that quantified intraguild predation between the conspicuous and omnivorous Metridia longa and the dominant Calanus hyperboreus. We recorded individual egg ingestion rates for several conditions of temperature, egg concentration, and alternative food presence. In each of these experiments, at least some females ingested eggs but individual ingestion rates were highly variable. The global mean ingestion rate of M. longa on C. hyperboreus eggs was 5.8 eggs ind −1 d −1 , or an estimated 37% of M. longa daily metabolic need. Among the different factors tested and the various individual traits considered (prosome length, condition index), only the egg concentration had a significant and positive effect on ingestion rates. We further explored the potential ecological impacts of intraguild predation in a simple 1D numerical model of C. hyperboreus eggs vertical distribution in the Amundsen Gulf. Our modeling results showed an asymmetric relationship in that M. longa has little potential impact on the recruitment of C. hyperboreus (<3% egg standing stock removed by IGP at most) whereas the eggs intercepted by the former can account for a significant portion of its metabolic requirement during winter (up to a third).

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The LOKI underwater imaging system and an automatic identification model for the detection of zooplankton taxa in the Arctic Ocean

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Copepod diapause and the biogeography of the marine lipidscape

Copepod diapause and the biogeography of the marine lipidscape

Modeling What We Sample and Sampling What We Model: Challenges for Zooplankton Model Assessment

Impacts of Intraguild Predation on Arctic Copepod Communities

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