“…Low cost airlines are mainly characterized by online ticket booking, no free meals, standardized flight fleet, high aircraft utilization, and service outsourcing ( Mason and Morrison, 2009 ; Teece, 2010 ; Diaconu, 2012 ; Pereira and Caetano, 2015 ; Dobruszkes and Wang, 2019 ). In terms of routes, due to strict regulations on long-distance transportation services, low-cost airlines mainly serve short- and medium-distance routes ( Jiang, 2013 ; Albers et al, 2020 ). By contrast, the most distinctive feature of full service airlines is customer segmentation, the provision of a variety of different cabins (from first-class cabins, business class, to economy class).…”