The long-term consequences of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on later life cognitive function and dementia risk

Nilaweera, Dinuli; Freak‐Poli, Rosanne; Ritchie, Karen; Chaudieu, Isabelle; Ancelin, Marie-Laure; Ryan, Joanne

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113506

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…We open the discussion by emphasizing that this study explores a group of young, educated, middle-class and mostly female Mexican subjects, with significant published documentation of AD, PD and TDP-43 pathology, using forensic autopsy cases and extensive published cognitive, olfaction, gait and equilibrium and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) studies in matching populations—a situation that makes this study very different from the average PTSD and sleep behavior disorder cases in the literature: the average case focuses on individuals who are male, significantly older, of low socioeconomic status, and possess extensive co-morbidities [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brainstem and supratentorial neuropathology in young MMC residents are extensive and could be playing a crucial role in the development of PTSD and pRBD ( Figure 1 ) [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 48 , 49 , 62 , 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As many as 80% of high school students in highly violent MMC areas have significant mental pathology associated with stress [ 25 ]. The impact of PTSD has recently been shown to extend far beyond its distressing psychological and social manifestations: there is a substantial body of evidence linking PTSD to a long-term risk of dementia, even after correction for potential sources of bias [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Olivé et al [ 32 ] discuss the degeneration of the human basal forebrain as a putative link between persistent traumatic memory in PTSD and anterograde memory deficits in neurodegeneration, a plausible pathway in the setting of AD and PD pathology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders

Calderón‐Garcidueñas

Rajkumar

Stommel

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-τ), amyloid-β peptide, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 brainstem and supratentorial pathology are documented in forensic ≤40y autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC), and p-τ is the major aberrant protein. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent dementia, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is documented in PD, AD, Lewy body dementia and ALS. This study aimed to identify an association between PTSD and potential pRBD in Mexico. An anonymous online survey of 4502 urban college-educated adults, 29.3 ± 10.3 years; MMC, n = 1865; non-MMC, n = 2637, measured PTSD symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and pRBD symptoms using the RBD Single-Question. Over 50% of the participants had IES-R scores ≥33 indicating probable PTSD. pRBD was identified in 22.6% of the participants across Mexico and 32.7% in MMC residents with PTSD. MMC subjects with PTSD had an OR 2.6218 [2.5348, 2.7117] of answering yes to the pRBD. PTSD and pRBD were more common in women. This study showed an association between PTSD and pRBD, strengthening the possibility of a connection with misfolded proteinopathies in young urbanites. We need to confirm the RBD diagnosis using an overnight polysomnogram. Mexican women are at high risk for stress and sleep disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders

Calderón‐Garcidueñas

Rajkumar

Stommel

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Patients with a diagnosis of PTSD are at greater risk disorders of multiple organ systems including the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system and frequently suffer from a variety of comorbid psychiatric illnesses. For patients with recurrent symptoms, PTSD increases the risk of accelerated cognitive decline (dementia) ( 33 ). Suicide risk is also thought to be elevated in this patient population, although the high rate of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses has been confounding ( 34 , 35 ).…”

Section: Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy

Sottile

Vida

2022

Front. Psychiatry

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder afflicting millions of people around the world. Characterized by severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts, pervasive nightmares, an assortment of somatic symptoms, associations with severe long-term health problems, and an elevated risk of suicide, as much as 40–70% of patients suffer from refractory disease. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), like classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, have been used to enhance the efficacy of psychotherapy almost since their discovery, but due to their perceived potential for abuse and inclusion on USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) schedule 1, research into the mechanism by which they produce improvements in PTSD symptomology has been limited. Nevertheless, several compelling rationales have been explored, with the pro-social effects of MDMA thought to enhance therapeutic alliance and thus facilitate therapist-assisted trauma processing. This may be insufficient to fully explain the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Molecular mechanisms such as the MDMA mediated increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) availability in the fear memory learning pathways combined with MDMA's pro-social effects may provide a more nuanced explanation for the therapeutic actions of MDMA.

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“…(i.e., trauma exposed with no re-experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms) had lower dementia risk than individuals unexposed to trauma (11). However, it is unclear whether resilient individuals are at risk levels comparable to peers unexposed to adversityfully offsetting harmful effects of adversity.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological resilience predicting cardiometabolic conditions in adulthood in the Midlife in the United States Study

Nishimi

Coull

Chen

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Early adversity is associated with poor cardiometabolic health, potentially via psychological distress. However, not everyone exposed to adversity develops significant distress. Psychological resilience and positive psychological health despite adversity may protect against unfavorable cardiometabolic outcomes that are otherwise more likely. We examined early adversity, psychological resilience, and cardiometabolic risk among 3,254 adults in the Midlife in the United States Study. Psychological resilience was defined according to both early psychosocial adversity and adult psychological health (characterized by low distress and high wellbeing) at Wave 1 (1994 to 1995). Categorical resilience was derived by cross-classifying adversity (exposed versus unexposed) and psychological health (higher versus lower). We also assessed count of adversities experienced and psychological symptoms as separate variables. Incident cardiometabolic conditions (e.g., heart attack, stroke, and diabetes) were self-reported at Waves 2 (2004 to 2005) and 3 (2013 to 2014). Secondary analyses examined biological cardiometabolic risk using a composite of biomarkers available within a Wave-2 subsample. Logistic and Poisson regressions evaluated associations of resilience with cardiometabolic health across 20 follow-up y, adjusting for relevant covariates. In this initially healthy sample, nonresilient (adversity-exposed, lower psychological health) versus resilient (adversity-exposed, high psychological health) individuals had 43% higher odds of cardiometabolic conditions (95% CI 1.10 to 1.85). Odds of cardiometabolic conditions were similar among resilient versus unexposed, psychologically healthy individuals. More adversity experiences were associated with increased odds, while better psychological health with decreased odds of cardiometabolic conditions, and effects were largely independent. Patterns were similar for objectively assessed cardiometabolic risk. Psychological resilience in midlife may protect against negative cardiometabolic impacts of early adversity.

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The long-term consequences of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on later life cognitive function and dementia risk

Cited by 19 publications

References 46 publications

Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders

Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders

A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy

Psychological resilience predicting cardiometabolic conditions in adulthood in the Midlife in the United States Study

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