The long-term oral exposure to titanium dioxide impaired immune functions and triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts in rats

Hashem, Mohamed; Abo‐EL‐Sooud, Khaled; Abd‐Elhakim, Yasmina M.; Badr, Yasmin; El-Metwally, Abeer E.; Bahy-El-Dien, Ahmed

doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126473

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Strategic treatments eliminate tangible factors that contribute to weaken the immune system. Some examples of such factors, based on existing studies, include titanium dioxide, air pollution, chlorpyrifos, aluminum sulfate, prenatal alcohol exposure, ZnO, oil fly ash, and many others (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Also the real life exposure scenario in which we are exposed continuously to combination of stressors influences in the long term the immune system and the response of the organism to the viral stressors (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Towards Effective Covid-19 Vaccines: Updates Perspectives Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

et al. 2020

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In the current context of the pandemic triggered by SARS-cOV-2, the immunization of the population through vaccination is recognized as a public health priority. In the case of SARS-cOV-2, the genetic sequencing was done quickly, in one month. Since then, worldwide research has focused on obtaining a vaccine. This has a major economic impact because new technological platforms and advanced genetic engineering procedures are required to obtain a cOVId-19 vaccine. The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy. The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of making the vaccine on a large scale.

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Section: Towards Effective Covid-19 Vaccines: Updates Perspectives Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

et al. 2020

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“…The Panel considered that this study provides no relevant information on immunological effects of TiO 2 NPs. Hashem et al (2020) Test material: TiO 2 (from Sigma, no information on constituent particle size distribution nor crystalline form).…”

Section: Han Et Al (2020a)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two mouse studies performed with TiO 2 NPs (Mohamed, 2015; Li et al., 2019) were scored 2 for NSC and a rat study (Hashem et al., 2020) was scored 3.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2021

EFS2

131

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The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO 2 nanoparticles ( NP s) and data from an extended one‐generation reproductive toxicity ( EOGRT ) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO 2 NP s < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO 2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO 2 NP s (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO 2 NP s, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO 2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico‐chemical properties of TiO 2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO 2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO 2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut‐off value for TiO 2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO 2 NP s. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.

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“…ZnO nanoparticles can pass the stomach and enter in the digestion process in intestine [279] and can induce hyperproliferation of malignant cells [280]. Studies made on mice indicated that TiO 2 nanoparticles alter gastrointestinal homeostasis, induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity [281][282][283][284][285].…”

Section: Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

Motelică

Ficai

et al. 2020

Foods

248

134

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This review presents a perspective on the research trends and solutions from recent years in the domain of antimicrobial packaging materials. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities can be induced by the main polymer used for packaging or by addition of various components from natural agents (bacteriocins, essential oils, natural extracts, etc.) to synthetic agents, both organic and inorganic (Ag, ZnO, TiO2 nanoparticles, synthetic antibiotics etc.). The general trend for the packaging evolution is from the inert and polluting plastic waste to the antimicrobial active, biodegradable or edible, biopolymer film packaging. Like in many domains this transition is an evolution rather than a revolution, and changes are coming in small steps. Changing the public perception and industry focus on the antimicrobial packaging solutions will enhance the shelf life and provide healthier food, thus diminishing the waste of agricultural resources, but will also reduce the plastic pollution generated by humankind as most new polymers used for packaging are from renewable sources and are biodegradable. Polysaccharides (like chitosan, cellulose and derivatives, starch etc.), lipids and proteins (from vegetal or animal origin), and some other specific biopolymers (like polylactic acid or polyvinyl alcohol) have been used as single component or in blends to obtain antimicrobial packaging materials. Where the package’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activities need a larger spectrum or a boost, certain active substances are embedded, encapsulated, coated, grafted into or onto the polymeric film. This review tries to cover the latest updates on the antimicrobial packaging, edible or not, using as support traditional and new polymers, with emphasis on natural compounds.

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The long-term oral exposure to titanium dioxide impaired immune functions and triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts in rats

Cited by 22 publications

References 57 publications

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

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