“…Yet, the explanatory power of these studies is limited because only when these variables are investigated jointly is it possible to test their additive effects and to determine how much variance each factor explains whereas the other is controlled for. Among the few studies that have examined longitudinally both child dispositional characteristics and environmental variables simultaneously, most investigated the relation of parenting and temperament to the development of prosocial behaviour (Eisenberg, Spinrad, Taylor, & Liew, 2017;Hastings, Rubin, & DeRose, 2005;Laible et al, 2017;Laible, Carlo, Davis, & Karahuta, 2016;Streit, Carlo, Ispa, & Palermo, 2017). Studies concerning empathy (Taylor, Eisenberg, Spinrad, Eggum, & Sulik, 2013) or sympathy (Robinson, Zahn-Waxler, & Emde, 1994;Taylor, Eisenberg, & Spinrad, 2015) are even more rare.…”