“…However, for most patients, osseointegration is not rapid, and there is some delay between implantation of the titanium prosthetic and its osseointegration with the native bone [4,5]. Furthermore, some patients have insufficient bone for adequate implantation, and require surgical pre-treatment involving procedures such as autologous bone transplantation; these types of procedures are a significant burden to the patient [6,7,8]. Others have shown that the cellular milieu can profoundly affect the success of an implant, with the early invasion of epithelial cells into the gingival epithelium, which presumably hinders the attachment of mesenchymal cells that will facilitate bone formation and subsequent osseointegration [9,10].…”