“…Finally, while not a central focus of this study, the relationship between online political activity and offline political activity is also worthy of attention (see especially, Kim, Russo, & Amnå, 2017). Some scholars find that online and offline political activity are relatively independent (e.g., Emmer, Wolling, & Vowe, 2012), others find that online political engagement leads to greater offline political participation (Bode, Vraga, Borah, & Shah, 2014;Gil de Zúñiga et al, 2014), and some find online and offline participation to be reciprocally reinforcing (e.g., Harlow & Harp, 2012;Vissers & Stolle, 2014).…”