The longitudinal relations between dimensions of community violence exposure and developmental outcomes among adolescent ethnic minority males.

Elsaesser, Caitlin

doi:10.1037/vio0000140

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Community violence takes many forms, including shootings, fights between individuals or between gangs, and bombings. These forms of violence are intentional, are unpredictable, and occur in public (Elsaesser, 2018 ). Community members are exposed to violence through knowing the victims, witnessing violence, or being victimized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge

2021

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Adolescents' community violence exposure (CVE) has been demonstrated with a range of behavioral and psychological problems, but the processes that explain these correlations are not clear. In our 2017 study, the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation in the relationship between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors has been confirmed. However, the moderating effect of parental factors is still unclear. Therefore, a new group (high school group) was adopted in this study to further explore the moderating effect of parental knowledge based on also confirming the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation. Stratified-cluster sampling was used to recruit 1,797 volunteers who completed questionnaires on CVE, deviant peer affiliation, parental knowledge, and externalizing problem behaviors. The results of the structural equation modeling were: on the basis of our previous research, we further analyzed the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation, and the mediated association was moderated by parental knowledge. Especially when the school climate is added as a covariate, the moderating effect of parental knowledge has changed, that is, the positive association between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors was much stronger for adolescents who reported lower levels of parental knowledge than for those who reported higher levels of parental knowledge. The results support the assumptions of social learning theory and have implications for interventions of community violence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge

2021

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“…Finally, the present study considered youth in middle childhood, a developmental period that may be a particularly important time to investigate moderators of the relation between CVE and aggression among low-income, urban youth. Many youth in this context have already been exposed to community violence for years by the time they reach adolescence (Elsaesser 2018), and may not have developed the cognitive coping skills necessary to mitigate the negative effects of such exposure (Farver et al 2005). Childhood further represents a developmental period during which factors exacerbating externalizing problems may be more malleable to intervention, as key connections are being formed in the developing brain and youth have typ-…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By middle childhood and pre-adolescence, youth who have cognitively and emotionally habituated to community violence may begin to exhibit externalizing behaviors as a method of coping (Fowler et al 2009). Frequent CVE may reinforce the use of violence as a method of problem solving, normalize aggression, and/or attenuate youth's emotional responses, which may lead to aggressive responding (Elsaesser 2018). Specifically, youth residing in neighborhoods with a high prevalence of crime and violence may feel continually at risk of victimization, which may lead to chronic hyperarousal and feelings of insecurity (Fowler et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In summary, a gap in the literature remains as to why youth do or do not exhibit elevated levels of aggressive behavior in the face of CVE (Elsaesser 2018), suggesting that consideration of processes that may moderate the CVE-aggression relation is important. Exploring multiple types of aggression (i.e., proactive vs. reactive), types of CVE (i.e., witnessing violence vs. direct victimization), and indices of WM (i.e., basic memory capacity vs. strategy use) may provide more specific information about factors that confer risk or support resilience among children.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Community Violence Exposure and Youth Aggression: The Moderating Role of Working Memory

Jakubovic

Drabick

2020

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Community violence exposure (CVE) is associated with aggression among youth, particularly those who reside in low-income, urban neighborhoods. However, not all youth who experience CVE exhibit aggression. Working memory (WM) difficulties may interfere with attributions or retrieval of nonaggressive responses, suggesting that individual differences in WM may contribute to proactive and/or reactive aggression among youth who experience CVE. Participants were 104 low-income, urban youth (M = 9.92 ± 1.22 years old; 50.5% male; 95% African American). Youth reported on frequency of direct victimization and witnessing of violence in the community and completed two WM tasks. Teachers reported on youth proactive and reactive aggression. WM moderated the relation between direct victimization and proactive and reactive aggression, and between witnessing violence and reactive aggression. Among youth reporting less frequent victimization and witnessing, lower WM was associated with higher levels of proactive and reactive aggression. Among youth reporting more frequent direct victimization, lower WM was associated with higher levels of proactive aggression. Proactive and reactive aggression levels were similar among youth reporting more frequent witnessing regardless of WM levels. WM represents a potential target for early identification and intervention efforts to reduce reactive and proactive aggression among low-income, urban youth who are at elevated risk for CVE.Keywords Community violence exposure . Working memory . Aggression . Childhood . Risk Aggressive behavior among youth is associated with a variety of negative psychosocial correlates, including peer rejection, poor academic performance, delinquency, substance abuse, and internalizing symptoms (Card and Little 2006;Fite et al. 2010;Frick and White 2008). Exposure to violence in the community, too, is associated with a variety of negative psychological and behavioral health outcomes (Fowler et al. 2009;Gorman-Smith et al. 2004;Overstreet 2000), with a wealth of research providing strong evidence linking community violence exposure (CVE) to externalizing problems and aggression in particular (Gorman-Smith et al. 2004;Kersten et al. 2017;McDonald and Richmond 2008;Wall-Myers et al. 2018).Community violence may occur in the form of shootings, muggings, gang violence, and physical fights (Foster et al. 2004). As a construct, CVE is often divided into direct victimization (i.e., being the victim of an intentionally harmful

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“…Research has generally shown a consistent relationship between witnessed community violence and externalizing symptoms as well, such as aggression and delinquency (Fowler et al, ), borne out by both cross‐sectional (Zinzow et al, ) and longitudinal studies (Barr et al, ; Elsaesser, ; Guerra, Huesmann, & Spindler, ; Miller, Wasserman, Neugebauer, Gorman‐Smith, & Kamboukos, ). For example, in a longitudinal nationally representative sample, Barr et al () found that witnessing community violence (i.e., stabbing or sexual assault) among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of delinquency a year and a half later, after controlling for baseline levels of delinquency.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of relationship proximity to witnessed community violence and youth outcomes

Elsaesser

Kennedy

Tredinnick

2019

Journal Community Psychology

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Aims This study examines whether the relational proximity to the victim or perpetrator of witnessed community violence is associated with youth symptoms. Methods Data come from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect, a national high‐risk sample. The sample included 12‐year‐old youth (N = 720) who had witnessed violence in their lifetimes. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions tested whether relationship proximity differentiated youth functioning (social competency, withdrawal, anxiety/depression, delinquency, and aggression), and whether gender moderated these effects. Results Witnessing violence toward a parent was associated with greater withdrawal, delinquency, and aggression symptoms. Witnessing violence perpetrated by a stranger was associated with lower social competency, higher anxiety/depression, and higher delinquency. Two perpetrator associations differed by gender. Conclusion Findings suggest important differences in outcomes based on relational proximity to victims and perpetrators. The particularly widespread associations between witnessing violence against a parent and youth functioning underscore the importance of targeting interventions toward youth with parent victims.

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The longitudinal relations between dimensions of community violence exposure and developmental outcomes among adolescent ethnic minority males.

Abstract: Assessing exposure to specific dimensions of exposure might improve understanding of adolescent concurrent, but not later functioning. Findings underscore the value of prospective data when examining the impact of dimensions of community violence exposure on functioning.

Cited by 15 publications

References 53 publications

Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge

Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge

Community Violence Exposure and Youth Aggression: The Moderating Role of Working Memory

The role of relationship proximity to witnessed community violence and youth outcomes

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