The longitudinal stability of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Mini mental scores at one and two year follow-ups in geriatric inpatients

Harvey, P.D.; White, L.; Parrella, Michael; Putnam, K.M.; Kincaid, Margaret M.; Powchik, Peter; Mohs, Richard C.; Davidson, M.

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)90745-5

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Delayed recall performance served to discriminate patients with adjacent MMSE scores, regardless of severity. There is no evidence of cognitive decline over a I-year period, suggesting that our previous findings of no change in total MMSE scores over a 1-and 2-year period (Harvey et al, 1995b) were not due to use of a limited assessment of cognitive functioning. The ability of the indicators of dementia to discriminate patients on the basis of MMSE scores is quite impressive, particularly since patients in adjacent groups could differ by as little as one MMSE point.…”

Section: Discriminant Analysesmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…As we previously reported on the basis of a very limited cognitive assessment (Harvey et al, 1995b), there is no evidence of measurable annual decline in cognitive functioning in chronic schizophrenia. At the same time, many patients in this study have MMSE scores that are extremely low and reflect cognitive impairments that are profound and disabling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Performance of chronic schizophrenic patients on cognitive neuropsychological measures sensitive to dementia

Harvey

Lombardi

Leibman

et al. 1996

Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry

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Although many chronic schizophrenic patients manifest substantial global cognitive impairment, it is not clear as to whether this impairment should be characterized as dementia. Since many degenerative dementias have a characteristic signature of cognitive impairment and a specific pattern of cognitive decline, examination of schizophrenic patients on these measures can provide information about the qualitative similarity of their cognitive impairment to these other conditions. Three hundred and two chronically hospitalized schizophrenic patients ranging in age from 26 to 98 were examined with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery, as well as a more global measure of cognitive impairment, the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). This assessment was repeated twice, with a 1‐year follow‐up interval. The CERAD battery measures the prototypical cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease, including word list learning and delayed recall, naming and praxis. In contrast to Alzheimer's disease, all aspects of cognitive impairment were linearly associated with MMSE scores and there were no qualitatively different patterns of deficits associated with MMSE scores in different ranges of severity. There was no change in performance on any measure across the follow‐up period, regardless of the MMSE scores of the patients at baseline. These data suggest that the specific patterns of deficit in chronic schizophrenic patients with severe cognitive deficits differ from Alzheimer's disease in both course and profile of impairment.

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Section: Discriminant Analysesmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Performance of chronic schizophrenic patients on cognitive neuropsychological measures sensitive to dementia

Harvey

Lombardi

Leibman

et al. 1996

Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry

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“…Nicolas et al (2014) identified 14 schizophrenic patients with dementia amongst 96 elderly patients that were under study, and of these, only two were diagnosed with likely AD. Other studies have shown that the cognitive decline typical in schizophrenic patients in later life is not as consistent or as fast as that which is evident neurodegenerative diseases such as AD (Harvey et al 1995), (Friedman et al 2001).…”

Section: Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 97%

Alzheimer´s Disease associated with Psychiatric Comorbidities

Garcez

Falchetti

Mina

et al. 2015

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and has become a severe public health issue. It is estimated that globally, 35.6% of people have some form of dementia. This number is expected to double by 2030, and possibly even triple by 2050. The disease is associated with deficits in cognition/ memory and a reduced ability in coping with everyday life. Moreover, patients can experience behavioral alterations such as mood swings, depression and hallucinations. Therefore, it is common to find the presence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities such as depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder during the course or development of AD. These disorders can become severe enough to interfere with the patients daily functioning, and can worsen the course of the disease. However, little is known about the causal relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and AD, or the reasons for the predisposition of some individuals to such disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to clarify the causal relationship between depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with AD.

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“…Indeed, instruments with more items and greater complexity than the short-CARE might be less prone to a training effect. Yet, test-retest reliability of other popular tests, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, has not been examined in previous studies [17] or has been assessed only in small samples [18]. Similarly, there is scarce literature speculating on the importance of a training effect of other factors, such as the number of repetitions and their time interval or the presence of underlying memory deficits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Correction for a ‘Training Effect’ in the Cognitive Assessment of Older Adults

et al. 2002

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Background: Repeated administration of psychometric instruments frequently results in a higher score on retesting, the so-called training effect. Yet, a training effect has been poorly considered in longitudinal studies of cognitive changes in older persons. Methods: We investigated the presence, magnitude and potential adjustments for training effect in the older participants of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP evaluated the cognitive status effects of a diuretic-based treatment of isolated systolic hypertension versus placebo. Changes in the short Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (short-CARE) questionnaire score, from baseline through 4 years of follow-up, were assessed in 4,718 participants. In this study, we used two regression techniques to adjust data for the training effect. Results: In both study groups, a training effect was evident as a progressive improvement in the short-CARE score throughout year 1. Thereafter, cognitive scores tended to deteriorate, more in the placebo than in the active treatment group (p = 0.055). When follow-up scores were adjusted based upon baseline data, the difference between the study groups reached statistical significance (p = 0.019), but the apparent overall trend towards deterioration in cognitive score was no longer observed. Adjustment of baseline data preserved this apparent temporal course, but did not improve the discrimination between the two study groups (p = 0.165). Conclusions: In SHEP, repeated cognitive assessments were likely biased by a training effect which could be only partially corrected by statistical techniques. Studies of changes in the cognitive status of older persons should be designed appropriately to estimate and minimize the consequences of a training effect in follow-up data.

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The longitudinal stability of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Mini mental scores at one and two year follow-ups in geriatric inpatients

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Performance of chronic schizophrenic patients on cognitive neuropsychological measures sensitive to dementia

Performance of chronic schizophrenic patients on cognitive neuropsychological measures sensitive to dementia

Alzheimer´s Disease associated with Psychiatric Comorbidities

Evaluation and Correction for a ‘Training Effect’ in the Cognitive Assessment of Older Adults

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