“…Studies conducted by Haugen & Heins (1975), Blitz and Vliet (2007), Clarke, De Silva and Thorley (2006), Ang, Hodrick, Xing and Zhang (2006, 2009), Baker, Bradley and Wurgler (2011), Soe (2012, Baker and Haugen (2012), Blitz, Pang and Vliet (2013) and Frazzini and Pedersen (2014) found that the historical returns of low-risk securities were higher than high-risk securities.…”