The Lower Banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: whole-rock lithophile, chalcophile, and platinum-group element distributions

Barnes, Sarah‐Jane; Pagé, Philippe; Zientek, Michael L.

doi:10.1007/s00126-019-00887-3

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…TABS+ analyses of the chilled margins of the Stillwater are not available. However, it is thought that the magmas from which the Stillwater formed are similar to the Bushveld complex (Barnes et al, 2020). The modeled values of the chalcophile elements from the Merensky reef are shown for comparison on Fig.…”

Section: Application To Ni-cu-pge Deposits Pge Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One difficulty with this model is the large quantity of magma required, where and how the magma and sulfide liquid interacted is not considered in Jenkins et al (2020). Barnes et al (2020) considered a number of models to account for the high Pd and high R-factor and concluded on balance that the magma became contaminated with a continental crustal component either at the margins of the intrusion or at depth and that the sulfides interacted with a large volume of magma either as it slumped into the magma chamber from the margins or if sulfide saturation occurred at depth as the magma was transported into the chamber resulting in upgrading of the sulfides during transport.…”

Section: Application To Ni-cu-pge Deposits Pge Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Se in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt and Komatiites and in Picrites and Basalts from Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for the Formation of Magmatic Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Deposits

Barnes

Mansur

2022

Economic Geology

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In magmatic nickel-copper-platinum-group element (PGE) deposits, the PGEs are found both in solid solution in base metal sulfides and as platinum group minerals (PGMs). Apart from S, the most common elements that the PGEs combine with to form PGMs are Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Sn (TABS). Whether the TABS play a role in collecting the PGEs or simply partition into the sulfide liquid along with the PGEs and later combine with PGEs when the sulfide phase becomes saturated with PGMs is not currently clear. This is in part because the concentrations of TABS in the magmas (picrites and basalts from large igneous province and komatiites) that form these types of deposits are not well established, and hence it is not evident whether the magmas contain sufficient TABS to control PGEs. In order to establish the concentrations of Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Se (TABS+) in these rock types and to document the processes affecting these concentrations, we have determined TABS+ concentrations in komatiites, in mid-ocean ridge basalt, and in picrites and basalts from large igneous provinces. Using TABS+ mantle-normalized diagrams, the affects of different mantle sources, crystal fractionation, crustal assimilation, degassing, and alteration are considered. We estimate the concentrations of TABS+ in komatiites to be approximately twice primitive mantle values. In picrites the concentrations vary: approximately 10 times primitive mantle values for As and Sb and decreasing through Bi to Te from 7 to 2 times primitive mantle. Assimilation of S-bearing sedimentary rocks is thought to be important in triggering sulfide saturation leading to the formation of Ni-Cu-PGE deposits. Assimilation of such sediments would enrich the magma in Th over Nb and in As, Sb, and Bi. Evidence of assimilation in the form of TABS and Th enrichment is clear in the PGE reef deposits of the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes, but the deposits do not contain sufficient TABS to control the PGEs. This is also true in the Norilsk-Talnakh Ni-Cu-PGE deposits. However, at Norilsk degassing of the magma has resulted in the loss of TABS, which results in negative As, Bi, Se, and Te anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized plots.

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Section: Application To Ni-cu-pge Deposits Pge Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application To Ni-cu-pge Deposits Pge Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Se in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt and Komatiites and in Picrites and Basalts from Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for the Formation of Magmatic Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Deposits

Barnes

Mansur

2022

Economic Geology

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“…). After normalization to 100% sulfide (e.g., Kerr, 2001;Mungall, 2007b) for other cumulates of the Lower Banded series (Barnes et al, 2020). Zirconium concentrations gradually increase down section either near the base of the Reef Package (e.g., DDH 42831, 42975, 43148) or down into footwall cumulates underlying the coarse-grained Reef Package cumulates (e.g., DDH 42859).…”

Section: 7cmentioning

confidence: 99%

The petrology of the J-M Reef Pd-Pt deposit and the Lower Banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA

Jenkins¹

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The J-M Reef, of the Lower Banded series (LBS) in the Neoarchean Stillwater Complex, is the highest-grade platinum group element (PGE) deposit on Earth. The J-M Reef is a ~1.5 m thick stratiform accumulation of high tenor disseminated sulfide and platinum group minerals hosted in coarse-grained heteradcumulates called the Reef Package. The grades and sulfide tenors of the reef vary from one part of the Stillwater Complex to another due to variable amounts of silicate and sulfide liquid equilibration.The cumulates in the LBS can be modeled by batch crystallization of a komatiitic parental melt contaminated by lower crustal rocks. Emplacement of crystal-bearing slurries produces the noritic and gabbronoritic cumulates that account for most of the rocks in the LBS.The olivine-bearing rocks of the LBS are modeled by infiltration and partial melting of footwall gabbronorites by an influx of hot, dense contaminated komatiitic parental melt. This infiltration First and foremost, I cannot express enough gratitude to Jim Mungall for taking me on as an international student, first at the University of Toronto and then for offering me a PhD position at Carleton. Jim was a brilliant mentor and supervisor, and always allowed me to pursue different avenues of research and was always there to make suggestions when things were difficult or didn't work out as I had hoped. I forever grateful for Jim's patience and understanding of my situation as a graduate student with a young family. I am thankful for the friends and colleagues that were a part of Jim's research group in the Mineral Deposits Lab over the years including

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Genesis of the low sulfide-high-grade PGE mineralization in the W Horizon, Coldwell Complex, Canada: quantitative modeling for PGE reef-style mineralization in syn-magmatic sills

et al. 2021

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The Lower Banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: whole-rock lithophile, chalcophile, and platinum-group element distributions

Cited by 14 publications

References 59 publications

Distribution of Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Se in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt and Komatiites and in Picrites and Basalts from Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for the Formation of Magmatic Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Deposits

Distribution of Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Se in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt and Komatiites and in Picrites and Basalts from Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for the Formation of Magmatic Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Deposits

The petrology of the J-M Reef Pd-Pt deposit and the Lower Banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA

Genesis of the low sulfide-high-grade PGE mineralization in the W Horizon, Coldwell Complex, Canada: quantitative modeling for PGE reef-style mineralization in syn-magmatic sills

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