The Lower Class in the Social Structure of Russian Society

Transformation Of Work And Leisure Against The Backdrop Of Social Inequality

“…The attitude towards the latter category of the poor in Russian society is deteriorating every year. It is important to emphasize that Tikhonova in her research divides economically active Russian society into four groups, namely, the marginal position, the middle class, the working class, and the lower class formation zone (Tikhonova, 2011). Let us define each position: the lower class formation zone is a group of people with specialized education, with a middle level of income and a low standard of living.…”

“…Tikhonova states that the middle class includes those who were simultaneously characterized by a combination of criteria such as non-physical nature of labor; availability of at least specialized secondary education; average monthly per capita income is not lower than their median values for this type of settlement or the number of available durable goods is not lower than the median value for the population as a whole; self-esteem of an individual of his or her position in society on a ten-point scale of not less than 4 points. In the composition of the working class -those individuals of physical labor who did not fall into the zone of the lower class formation (Tikhonova, 2011).…”

Homelessness in the Russian Federation: Regional and Local Context

“…Danilenko (2012) estimates the lower class accounts for about 7 percent of the economically active population. Tikhonova (2011) expands that estimate to 23 percent by including a "zone of formation" of the potential lower class, of whom 80 percent live in towns…”

“…The American Journal of Economics and Sociology and villages. Since 59 percent of the emerging lower class consists of women, of whom two-thirds have children and raise them alone, we can observe the beginning of a self-reproducing lower class, characterized by a "culture of poverty" (Tikhonova 2011).…”

“…Danilenko () estimates the lower class accounts for about 7 percent of the economically active population. Tikhonova () expands that estimate to 23 percent by including a “zone of formation” of the potential lower class, of whom 80 percent live in towns and villages. Since 59 percent of the emerging lower class consists of women, of whom two‐thirds have children and raise them alone, we can observe the beginning of a self‐reproducing lower class, characterized by a “culture of poverty” (Tikhonova ).…”