The Lumenal Microbiota Varies Biogeographically in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rhesus Macaques

Abstract

For the study of upper gastrointestinal microbiota in humans, endoscopic sampling is the main source of information, which limits the understanding of healthy upper gastrointestinal microbiota. Rhesus monkeys show very close similarity to humans in physiology, genetics, and behavior and act as the most suitable animal models for human diseases.

The small intestine: dining table of host–microbiota meetings

“…However, the expensive and difficult housing and husbandry of nonhuman primates, along with strict ethical regulations, limit a more widespread employment as in vivo model (Walker and Eggel 2020 ). In the context of host–microbe interaction research, different nonhuman primate models exist: (i) wild nonhuman primates, with distinct microbial ecology, different to humans; (ii) captivated nonhuman primates (Firrman et al 2019 , Yuan et al 2020 , Yan et al 2022 ), showing microbiota resembling more to human microbiome than wild nonhuman primates (Clayton et al 2016 ). To assess the impact of multiple diets on the human microbiome, captivated nonhuman primates fed a human-like diet during the study, are often employed (Amato et al 2015 , Nagpal et al 2018 , Newman et al 2021 ).…”

Generation of Transgenic Sperm Expressing GFP by Lentivirus Transduction of Spermatogonial Stem Cells In Vivo in Cynomolgus Monkeys

“…In contrast, non-human primates (NHPs) exhibit similarities with humans in genetic material, physiological characteristics, immune system and other aspects. NHPs may be the most ideal animal model for human disease research, drug development, and therapeutic strategy verification [ 3 , 4 ]. Animals with spontaneous genetic mutations present greatly similar pathogenesis and phenotypes to humans, but the probability of spontaneous genetic mutations in NHP colonies is extremely low.…”