The lungs as receptor sites for cardiovascular regulation.

Shepherd, JT

doi:10.1161/01.cir.63.1.1

Cited by 211 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Closely related is the 'Bainbridge reflex', an increase in heart rate with filling of the right atrium as enhanced during inspiration. Shepherd's review [52] portrays the complexity of the interaction of these reflexes with other elements of cardiovascular control. With age, the sensitivity of these reflexes diminishes and heart rate varies less.…”

Section: The Dynamic Side Of Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the physiology of the ageing individual: computational modelling of changes in metabolism and endurance

2016

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One contribution of 12 to a theme issue 'The Human Physiome: a necessary key to the creative destruction of medicine'. Ageing and lifespan are strongly affected by metabolism. The maximal possible uptake of oxygen is not only a good predictor of performance in endurance sports, but also of life expectancy. Figuratively speaking, healthy ageing is a competitive sport. Although the root cause of ageing is damage to macromolecules, it is the balance with repair processes that is decisive. Reduced or intermittent nutrition, hormones and intracellular signalling pathways that regulate metabolism have strong effects on ageing. Homeostatic regulatory processes tend to keep the environment of the cells within relatively narrow bounds. On the other hand, the body is constantly adapting to physical activity and food consumption. Spontaneous fluctuations in heart rate and other processes indicate youth and health. A (homeo)dynamic aspect of homeostasis deteriorates with age. We are now in a position to develop computational models of human metabolism and the dynamics of heart rhythm and oxygen transport that will advance our understanding of ageing. Computational modelling of the connections between dietary restriction, metabolism and protein turnover may increase insight into homeostasis of the proteins in our body. In this way, the computational reconstruction of human physiological processes, the Physiome, can help prevent frailty and age-related disease.

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Section: The Dynamic Side Of Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the physiology of the ageing individual: computational modelling of changes in metabolism and endurance

2016

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“…FOR DECADES IT HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED that cardiovascular regulation is strongly influenced by inputs from the lung (24). These pulmonary inputs are believed to travel mainly in the vagus nerves.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bradykinin causes hypotension by activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents in the rabbit

Wang¹,

Soukhova²,

Proctor³

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

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causes hypotension by activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents in the rabbit. J Appl Physiol 95: 233-240, 2003. First published April 4, 2003 10.1152/japplphysiol.00584.2002 activates sympathetic afferents in the heart, intestine, and kidney, and it alters hemodynamics. However, we know little about the influence of pulmonary sympathetic afferents on circulation. Activation of pulmonary afferents by directly injecting stimulants into the lung parenchyma permits examination of reflexes that originate in the lung without confounding effects from the systemic circulation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that pulmonary sympathetic afferents exert a significant influence on hemodynamics. We examined reflex effects of injecting BK (1 g/kg in 0.1 ml) into the lung parenchyma on circulation in anesthetized, open-chest, artificially ventilated rabbits. BK significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure (BP) (27 Ϯ 3 mmHg) and heart rate (19 Ϯ 4 beats/min). Both effects remained after bilateral vagotomy. To rule out possible direct systemic vasodilation by BK, we examined renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to BK injection and examined BP responses to injection of ACh (0.1 ml of 10 Ϫ4 M). BK suppressed the RSNA before and after vagotomy. ACh did not change BP when injected into the lung parenchyma, but it decreased BP (31 Ϯ 3 mmHg) when injected into the right atrium. Our data indicate that activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents reflexly suppresses hemodynamics. lung receptors; lung reflex; depressor effect; bradycardia FOR DECADES IT HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED that cardiovascular regulation is strongly influenced by inputs from the lung (24). These pulmonary inputs are believed to travel mainly in the vagus nerves. Mechanically activating pulmonary stretch receptors (33) or chemically activating pulmonary C fibers (4) in the vagus nerve can cause peripheral vasodilation and changes in heart rate. Activation of some pulmonary vagal afferents in the rabbit causes a slight pressor response in addition to stimulating breathing (25, 34). However, information regarding the reflex effects evoked from pulmonary sympathetic afferents is scarce and debatable (23).Sensory information in the lung is transmitted through vagal and sympathetic nerves (32). Morphological evidence points to the existence of sympathetic afferents in the lungs (13,18,22). Pulmonary sympathetic afferent activity has been recorded in stellate ganglia (9) and white rami of T 2

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“…Slow breathing is known to reduce sympathetic activity via activation of low-threshold pulmonary stretch receptors, located in the lung and chest wall that stimulate vagal afferent fibers. 24,25 In fact, a gradual change of muscle neural sympathetic activity was observed during DGB session. 26 Reduction in sympathetic activity is likely to elicit smooth muscle relaxation that was demonstrated to improve brachial arterial wall mechanics in normal subjects and in patients.…”

Section: Implications Of the Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of non-drug interventions on arterial properties determined from 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements

et al. 2011

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Measures derived from the slope of the linear relationship between systolic and diastolic pressures obtained by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) measurements incorporate clinical and prognostic information, and are believed to be vascular markers. Using post hoc analysis, we investigated potential changes of these 'slope-related measures' in three different studies conducted in hypertensive patients with before and after 24-h ABP measurements, and also evaluated the sensitivity of the results to the analysis method. Two interventional studies included 8-week device-guided breathing (DGB) exercised by 13 patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), and a 6-month mineral potassium chloride-enriched diet administered to 20 elderly patients. One study was observational and involved winter-to-summer change experienced by 13 patients with controlled BP. Slope-related measures included systolic-on-diastolic slope and its equivalent 1-(diastolic-on-systolic slope) called Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index, and were determined using three different BP-averaging methods and two types of regression procedures. Results demonstrated sensitivity of slope-related measures to the analysis method, the most significant changes were found when the before and after 24-h ABP profiles included hourly averaged BP further averaged over the patient population, and slope-related measures were determined using symmetric (and not standard) regression. DGB was found to reduce significantly all these measures. The changes in the slope-related variables for individual patients correlated negatively with its baseline value and positively with the observed pulse pressure changes. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that DGB can affect positively vascular markers associated with cardiovascular risk, and suggests improved analysis methods for the determination of slope-related measures in interventional studies.

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The lungs as receptor sites for cardiovascular regulation.

Cited by 211 publications

References 46 publications

Understanding the physiology of the ageing individual: computational modelling of changes in metabolism and endurance

Understanding the physiology of the ageing individual: computational modelling of changes in metabolism and endurance

Bradykinin causes hypotension by activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents in the rabbit

Effect of non-drug interventions on arterial properties determined from 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements

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