The luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone pathways in rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and pigtailed (<i>Macaca nemestrina</i>) monkeys: New observations on thick, unembedded sections

Silverman, Ann‐Judith; Antunes, J L; Abrams, Gary; Nilaver, Gajanan; Thau, Rosemarie B.; Robinson, J. A.; Ferin, Michel; Krey, L.C.

doi:10.1002/cne.902110309

Cited by 186 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…inopetal nerve cell bodies observed in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which was not emphasized in the previous study 9) , the cell body shapes and locations were similar to those of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-containing neurons in macaque monkeys 18) , suggesting the possibility that the neurons send LHRH-containing fibers to the retina. Actually, LHRHpositive axons arising from the hypothalamus of platyfish were observed to enter the retina and terminate near the amacrine and bipolar cells 19) , suggesting the possibility that LHRH serves as a neuromodulator in the retina 20) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Retinopetal Neurons Located in the Diencephalon of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Abudureheman

Nakagawa

2010

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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Summary: After a monocular injection of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into the vitreous chamber of one eye, the retrogradely labeled retinopetal neurons were studied in the diencephalon of the Japanese monkey. The retrogradely transported tracer was visualized using the peroxidase antibody technique and an anti-cholera toxin antibody. The CTB-labeled nerve cell bodies were scattered in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area, and midline nuclei of the thalamus on both sides. In addition, a few retrogradely labeled nerve somata were observed in the most rostral portion of the lateral geniculate nucleus on the contralateral side.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Retinopetal Neurons Located in the Diencephalon of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Abudureheman

Nakagawa

2010

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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“…In rats, synaptic inputs of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive neurons were found on LHRHpositive perikarya located in the preoptic area (27). In the rhesus monkey, many LHRH neurons are distributed in the MBH, supraoptic nucleus, and medial preoptic area (28,29) (1994) -F** B. LHRH and GAD-positive perikarya are present in the arcuate nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus (30,31). Although no direct synapses of GAD-positive neurons onto LHRH perikarya were observed in the supraoptic nucleus,* it is not known whether GABA neurons synapse on LHRH neurons in the MBH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infusion of these neuroactive substances and simultaneous samplings are from a restricted area within the S-ME (32), where abundant LHRH neuroterminals but only a small number of LHRH perikarya are present (28,29). In fact, a recent report indicating that GABA blocked action potentials through the GABAA receptor-Chl channel complex at the neuroterminals of oxytocin/ vasopressin neurons (33) suggests that the neuroterminal is an important site of neurotransmitter action for the control of neurosecretion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

gamma-Aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter restricting the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone before the onset of puberty.

Mitsushima

Hei

Terasawa

1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

236

147

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To test the hypothesis that the pubertal increase in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) re-lease is withheld by a dominant inhibitory neuronal system, the role of -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a known inhibitory neurotransmitter, in the control of LHRH release was examined in conscious female monkeys at the prepubertal and pubertal stages using a push-pull perfusion method. GABA, bicuculline (a GABAA receptor blocker), and 2-hydroxysaclofen (a GABAB receptor blocker) were directly infused into the stalk-median eminence while perfusates were collected for LHRH determination. Bicuculline, but not saclofen, induced a large and prompt increase in LHRH release in prepubertal monkeys, whereas it stimulated LHRH release slightly in pubertal monkeys. In contrast, GABA suppressed LHRH release in pubertal, but not prepubertal, monkeys. These differential effects of GABA and the GABA antagonist on LHRH release in the two developmental stages were due to an age factor rather than to the steroid hormonal background. Moreover, GABA release in the stalk-median eminence of prepubertal monkeys was much higher than that in pubertal monkeys. Thus, the results suggest that in the prepubertal period there is a powerful GABA inhibition of the LHRH neurosecretory system: infusions of GABAA, but not GABAB, antagonists stimulate LHRH release by removal of the endogenous GABA inhibition, whereas exogenous GABA is ineffective because of high endogenous GABA levels. The decrease of this tonic inhibition may be a key factor for the onset of puberty in non-human primates.Two lines of evidence support the hypothesis that an increase in pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release is the critical factor for the onset of puberty in primates: An increase in pulsatile LHRH release occurs at the onset of puberty in female rhesus monkeys (1-3), and pulsatile infusion of LHRH into sexually immature monkeys with a pump induces precocious puberty (4). However, the mechanism by which LHRH release increases at puberty in primates is still unknown. The pubertal increase in LHRH release is probably not due to the developmental changes in properties of LHRH neurons themselves, since (i) the expression of LHRH mRNA is similar in monkeys during the prepubertal period and in adulthood (5) and (ii) prior to puberty, LHRH release can be induced by electrical stimulation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) (2) or by neurochemical stimulation with N-methyl-D-aspartate (6). In fact, these studies further indicate that releasable LHRH is present in the hypothalamus of prepubertal monkeys but that the control mechanisms for pulsatile LHRH release are immature before the onset of puberty.The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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“…This number is significantly higher than previously thought. Indeed, using immunohistochemistry, many laboratories have assessed the number and distribution of GnRH neurons in the brains of several mammalian species, with estimates ranging from 800 cells in the entire brain in adult rodents to 2000 neurons in the hypothalamus of adult primates (Crowley et al, 2008;King and Anthony, 1984;Latimer et al, 2000;Silverman et al, 1982;Tobet et al, 2001). It is worth noting that the number of GnRH neurons in mice is higher during embryonic development (1000-1200 neurons) and declines at adulthood (Messina et al, 2011;Parkash et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains

et al. 2016

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Fertility in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These neurons differentiate in the olfactory placodes during embryogenesis and migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus before birth. Information regarding this process in humans is sparse. Here, we adapted new tissue-clearing and whole-mount immunohistochemical techniques to entire human embryos/fetuses to meticulously study this system during the first trimester of gestation in the largest series of human fetuses examined to date. Combining these cutting-edge techniques with conventional immunohistochemistry, we provide the first chronological and quantitative analysis of GnRH neuron origins, differentiation and migration, as well as a 3D atlas of their distribution in the fetal brain. We reveal not only that the number of GnRHimmunoreactive neurons in humans is significantly higher than previously thought, but that GnRH cells migrate into several extrahypothalamic brain regions in addition to the hypothalamus. Their presence in these areas raises the possibility that GnRH has non-reproductive roles, creating new avenues for research on GnRH functions in cognitive, behavioral and physiological processes.

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The luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone pathways in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and pigtailed (Macaca nemestrina) monkeys: New observations on thick, unembedded sections

Cited by 186 publications

References 34 publications

Retinopetal Neurons Located in the Diencephalon of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Retinopetal Neurons Located in the Diencephalon of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata)

gamma-Aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter restricting the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone before the onset of puberty.

Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains

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