The Maceration of Woody Tissue With Acetic Acid and Sodium Chlorite

Spearin, Walter E.; Isenberg, Irving Harry

doi:10.1126/science.105.2721.214

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The xylem was chopped into thin sticks and macerated in acidified sodium chlorite solution (Spearin and Isenberg, 1947). The length of 600 fibers in each sample was manually measured with an ocular measuring scale under a microscope (Axioplan, Zeiss) using Nomarski optics.…”

Section: Anatomical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Radial Concentration Gradient of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Related to Secondary Xylem Development in Hybrid Aspen

et al. 1997

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l h e radial distribution pattern of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was determined across the developing tissues of the cambial region in the stem of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x Populus tremuloides Michx). IAA content was measured in consecutive tangential cryosections using a microscale mas spectrometry technique. Analysis was performed with wild-type and transgenic trees with an ectopic expression of Agrobacterium fumefaciens IAA-biosynthetic genes.In all tested trees IAA was distributed as a steep concentration gradient across the developing tissues of the cambial region. l h e peak level of IAA was within the cambial zone, where cell division takes place. Low levels were reached in the region where secondary wall formation was initiated. l h e transgenic trees displayed a lower peak level and a wider radial gradient of IAA compared with the wild type. This alteration was related to a lower rate of cambial cell division and a longer duration of xylem cell expansion in the transgenic trees, resulting in a decreased xylem production and a larger fiber lumen area. The results indicate that IAA has a role in regulating not only the rate of physiological processes such as cell division, but also the duration of developmental processes such as xylem fiber expansion, suggesting that IAA functions as a morphogen, conveying positional information during xylem development.The vascular cambium is responsible for xylem formation, which constitutes the bulk of secondary growth. Development of xylem elements involves severa1 consecutive phases, including division in the cambial zone, cell expansion, secondary wall formation, and autolysis of xylem elements destined for water transport and mechanical support (Larson, 1994). This development is coordinated in space, resulting in a radial pattern of discrete zones where the different developmental phases take place. The rate of xylem cell production, i.e. the number of divisions in the cambial zone per unit of time, is determined by two components: (a) the rate of cell cycling of the individual cambial zone cells and @) the number of dividing cells, which is determined by the duration of meristematic capacity for each xylem mother cell. Similarly, the rate and duration of expansion and secondary wall formation can modulate final cell size and wall thickness of the xylem elements. These aspects are important in forest trees, where they determine critica1 wood properties such as annual ring width and the seasonal pattem of earlywoodllatewood formation

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Section: Anatomical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Radial Concentration Gradient of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Related to Secondary Xylem Development in Hybrid Aspen

et al. 1997

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“…The maceration with chlorite method (Spearin and Isenberg, 1947) was applied and the samples were then agitated to obtain the individual fibers (Berlyn and Miksche, 1976). Before storing them in glycerin, the samples were dehydrated with ethyl alcohol.…”

Section: Fiber Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum L.) in the paper industry

Gülsoy¹,

Pekgözlü²,

Aktaş³

2015

Turk J Agric For

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In this study, the chemical composition, fiber morphology, pulp, and paper properties of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum L.) were determined. Stem and branch wood were analyzed separately. Kraft and kraft-anthraquinone (AQ) methods were used for the pulping processes. Stem wood showed superiority to branch wood with longer, wider, thicker-walled fibers. The holocellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin contents of branch and stem wood were 72.98%-73.50%, 38.37%-39.92%, and 21.04%-25.29%, respectively. In addition, the yield of kraft pulp made from stem wood was higher than that of branch wood. However, branch wood handsheets had higher strength properties and brightness than those of stem wood handsheets.

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“…For the measurement of the libriform bers, samples of the 18-month-old plants were taken from the bottom of the stem without bark (wood of the second year of cultivation) in three replicates. Samples were macerated using acetic acid and sodium chlorite, and the length and diameter of their libriform bers were measured [62].…”

Section: Measurement Of the Libriform Bersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Various effects of the expression of the xyloglucanase gene from Penicillium canescens in transgenic aspen under semi-natural conditions

Vidyagina

Subbotina²,

Белый³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Recombinant carbohydrases genes are used to produce transgenic woody plants with improved phenotypic traits. However, cultivation of such plants in open field is challenging due to by a number of problems. Therefore, additional research is needed to alleviate them. Results: Results of successful cultivation of the transgenic aspens ( Populus tremula ) carrying the recombinant xyloglucanase gene ( sp-Xeg ) from Penicillium canescens in semi-natural conditions are reported in this paper for the first time. Change of carbohydrate composition of wood was observed in transgenic aspens carrying the sp-Xeg gene. The transformed transgenic line Xeg-2-1b demonstrated accelerated growth and increased content of cellulose in wood of trees growing in both greenhouse and outside in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. The accelerated growth was observed also in the transgenic line Xeg-1-1c. Thicker cell-wall and longer xylem fiber were also observed in both these transgenic lines. Undescribed earlier considerable reduction in the wood decomposition rate of the transgenic aspen stems was also revealed for the transformed transgenic lines. The decomposition rate was approximately twice as lower for the transgenic line Xeg-2-3b in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. Conclusion: A direct dependence of the phenotypic and biochemical traits on the expression of the recombinant gene sp-Xeg was demonstrated. The higher was the level of the sp-Xeg gene expression, the more markedly were changes in the phenotypic and biochemical traits. All lines showed phenotypic changes in the leave traits. Our results showed that the plants carrying the recombinant sp-Xeg gene do not demonstrate a decrease in growth parameters in semi-natural conditions. In some transgenic lines, a change in the carbohydrate composition of the wood, an increase in the cell wall thickness and a decrease in the rate of decomposition of wood were observed.

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The Maceration of Woody Tissue With Acetic Acid and Sodium Chlorite

Cited by 21 publications

References 2 publications

A Radial Concentration Gradient of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Related to Secondary Xylem Development in Hybrid Aspen

A Radial Concentration Gradient of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Related to Secondary Xylem Development in Hybrid Aspen

Utilization of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum L.) in the paper industry

Various effects of the expression of the xyloglucanase gene from Penicillium canescens in transgenic aspen under semi-natural conditions

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