The Macrobiology of Sea Ice

Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid B

doi:10.1002/9780470757161.ch7

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Horner 1985) and a high diversity of heterotrophic organisms ranging from bacteria (Riedel et al 2007a(Riedel et al , 2008 to metazoans (reviewed by Schnack-Schiel 2003). The sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean affects the amount of heat and gas exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean surface (Delille et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protist communities during the winter–spring transition

Róźańska¹,

Gosselin²,

Poulin³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

119

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Seasonal changes in the abundance and taxonomic composition of bottom ice protists (i.e. diatoms, flagellates, and dinoflagellates) were assessed in the first-year landfast ice of Franklin Bay (Canadian Beaufort Sea) from 24 February to 20 June 2004. On each sampling day, bottom seaice protists were collected at sites of high (>10 cm) and low (<10 cm) snow cover. The net observed growth rates of diatoms and nanoflagellates were significantly higher during the pre-bloom (24 February to 25 March) than the bloom (ca. 3 April to 23 May) period under low snow cover but were not different under high snow cover. In contrast, dinoflagellates showed relatively constant net observed growth rate before and during the bloom period under both snow covers. These results indicate that the 3 protist groups responded differently to changes in the light regime during the growth period. The decline of the protist community after the bloom period was related to a combination of factors including nitrogen deficiency and melting processes. Prior to the bloom, flagellated cells, likely heterotrophic, dominated numerically under high snow cover, whereas autotrophic protists, especially solitary diatoms, prevailed under low snow cover. During the bloom period, colonial diatoms such as Nitzschia frigida, N. promare, Navicula sp. 6, N. pelagica, and Fragilariopsis cylindrus dominated the bottom ice community irrespective of snow depth, although abundances were higher under low snow cover. The arborescent colonial N. frigida, a key species of landfast ice across circumarctic regions, was the most abundant bottom ice algal diatom throughout the entire season. During the post-bloom period, colonial and solitary diatoms declined more rapidly than nanoflagellates, suggesting that nanoflagellates, presumably heterotrophic, were better adapted to melting sea-ice conditions. Our results demonstrated that the availability of nitrate in the surface water limits the accumulation of algal biomass in the bottom horizon of Arctic landfast ice during the vernal growth season.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protist communities during the winter–spring transition

Róźańska¹,

Gosselin²,

Poulin³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

119

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“…Within the brine channels a diverse meiofaunal community is established. Characteristic elements of the Arctic sympagic (ice associated) meiofauna are copepods, plathelminthes, nematodes and rotifers (Schnack-Schiel 2003). Trophic relationships within the sympagic community are largely unknown, but sympagic meiofauna is mainly assumed to feed on sympagic algae (Grainger and Hsiao 1990;Arrigo and Thomas 2004, and references therein; Gradinger et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympagohydra tuuli (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): first report from sea ice of the central Arctic Ocean and insights into histology, reproduction and locomotion

et al. 2009

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Various cnidarians have adapted their life style to interstitial habitats of marine sediments. Recently, for the Wrst time a hydroid was reported from the interstitial brine channel system of Arctic fast ice. Due to its derived features, the new genus and species Sympagohydra tuuli was introduced. Here we describe Wndings of S. tuuli in sea ice at several sites within the central Arctic Ocean. In our view the results of this study do not allow assignment of Sympagohydra to any known family and we, therefore, suggest the introduction of a new family Sympagohydridae which is placed within the hydrozoan subclass Hydroidolina, order Anthomedusae, suborder Capitata. A Wrst detailed histological analysis of S. tuuli is presented. In vivo analysis of locomotion and reproduction revealed a remarkable convergent evolution in S. tuuli and distant meiobenthic relatives. Shared traits are a Xagellated epidermis enabling the animals to glide within small interstices by means of Xagellar beating as well as an internalised embryogenesis.In S. tuuli gametogenesis occurs in the absence of gonophores inbetween gastro-and epidermis clearly separated from the epidermis. Budding was observed as the vegetative mode of reproduction. Documentation of feeding behaviour identiWed copepod nauplii and rotifers as prey items and demonstrates a high trophical position of the hydroids within the sympagic food web. Occurrence of reproducing individuals and pronounced tolerances towards changing temperatures and salinities indicate S. tuuli as a truly sympagic species.

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“…However, knowledge about Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems has recently increased and, today, we know that polar ecosystems host a diverse community characterised by endemic species (Conover and Huntley 1991;De Broyer et al 2014;George 2014;Gooday et al 2014;Ingels et al 2014). This ice forms a habitat for meiofaunal organisms such as heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, foraminiferans, turbellarians and copepods (Spindler et al 1990;Blome and Riemann 1999;Gradinger 1999;Schnack-Schiel et al 2001;Michel et al 2002;Schnack-Schiel 2003). Hauquier et al (2015) showed that not only megabenthic but also smallersized meiobenthic communities respond to different oceanographic regimes around the Antarctic Peninsula.…”

Section: Meiofauna From Polar Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review

et al. 2017

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Extreme marine environments cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface and offer many opportunities for investigating the biological responses and adaptations of organisms to stressful life conditions. Extreme marine environments are sometimes associated with ephemeral and unstable ecosystems, but can host abundant, often endemic and welladapted meiofaunal species. In this review, we present an integrated view of the biodiversity, ecology and physiological responses of marine meiofauna inhabiting several extreme marine environments (mangroves, submarine caves, Polar ecosystems, hypersaline areas, hypoxic/anoxic environments, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, carcasses/sunken woods, deep-sea canyons, deep hypersaline anoxic basins [DHABs] and hadal zones). Foraminiferans, nematodes and copepods are abundant in almost all of these habitats and are dominant in deep-sea ecosystems. The presence and dominance of some other taxa that are normally less common may be typical of certain extreme conditions. Kinorhynchs are particularly well adapted to cold seeps and other environments that experience drastic changes in salinity, rotifers are well represented in polar ecosystems and loriciferans seem to be the only metazoan able to survive multiple stressors in DHABs. As well as natural processes, human activities may generate stressful conditions, including deoxygenation, acidification and rises in temperature. The behaviour and physiology of different meiofaunal taxa, such as some foraminiferans, nematode and copepod species, can provide vital information on how organisms may respond to these challenges and can provide a warning signal of anthropogenic impacts. From an evolutionary perspective, the discovery of new meiofauna taxa from extreme environments very often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships, while understanding how meiofaunal organisms are able to survive or even flourish in these conditions can explain evolutionary pathways. Finally, there are multiple potential economic benefits to be gained from ecological, biological, physiological and evolutionary studies of meiofauna in extreme environments. Despite all the advantages offered by meiofauna studies from extreme environments, there is still an urgent need to foster meiofauna research in terms of composition, ecology, biology and physiology focusing on extreme environments.

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The Macrobiology of Sea Ice

Cited by 41 publications

References 75 publications

Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protist communities during the winter–spring transition

Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protist communities during the winter–spring transition

Sympagohydra tuuli (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): first report from sea ice of the central Arctic Ocean and insights into histology, reproduction and locomotion

Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review

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